Imibala ebomvu ebomvu iyiphalethi ephelele yokwakha izindlu zangaphakathi zasekhishini zikanokusho nezincane. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezahlukahlukene, ukuqeda udonga lwangempela, amasethi efenisha kanokusho nama-accents akhanyayo ngendlela yokuhlobisa kanye ne-tableware kusiza ukwakha isitayela esiyingqayizivele, okwenza ukuhlala kwansuku zonke esitofu kube yinjabulo yangempela. Ikhishi elibomvu ngaphakathi likude ne-kitsch: umklamo othuthukiswe kahle uqinisekisa kuphela ukunambitheka okucwengisisiwe kwabanikazi bezindlu.
I-Psychology yombala: ngubani ofanele umthunzi onesibindi
Imvamisa, okubomvu kuhlotshaniswa nentshisekelo nenkanuko. Ngakho-ke, amathoni alo mbala ogqamile futhi aqinisekisa impilo aheha abantu abasebenzayo, abanomdlandla nabazethembayo abahamba ngesibindi beqonde ezinhlosweni zabo. Umthunzi obambekayo nohehayo ukhuthaza isenzo futhi uhehe labo asebevele bengadingi ukukhuthazwa okwengeziwe.
Abantu abanesimo esishisayo kufanele baqaphele ngombala oyinkimbinkimbi: okubomvu okweqile kungathuthukisa imizwa yabo yemvelo futhi kuvuse ulaka.
Kubantu abathule, abanesizotha futhi abangenazinqumo, umbala obomvu uba uhlobo lomuthi. Ukwelashwa ngemibala kusiza abantu abanamahloni ukukhulula "I" wabo wangaphakathi, ukuzikhulula ezinkambeni nasekubandlululeni, kuveze amandla abo weqiniso. Ihlotshiswe ngombala obomvu, imininingwane yangaphakathi ivusa ukunakwa nokugxila.
Okukhanyayo nokujabulisayo, umbala obomvu ngaleyo ndlela ungaba ukhiye wamakamelo ayimfihlo omphefumulo, lapho kufihlwe khona izici zobuntu ezinhle nezimbi. Yingakho lo mthunzi kungafanele usetshenziswe lapho uhlobisa ingaphakathi lekamelo lokulala, igumbi lokuhlala namanye amakamelo lapho umuntu echitha khona isikhathi esiningi kakhulu. Ikhishi kuvela ukuthi liyindawo lapho ungasebenzisa ngokuphepha yonke imibala ebomvu ebomvu, ngaphandle kokwesaba umthelela omubi wombala ku-psyche.
Yimiphi imibala ebomvu engasetshenziswa ngaphakathi ekhishini
Okubomvu, njenganoma yimuphi omunye umbala, kugcwele izithunzi eziningi ezinokubanda okubandayo nokufudumele. Amathoni wemfudumalo ahlukile adalwa ngokungeza ama-undertones aphuzi noma aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ama-reds afudumele abukeka emuhle ekhishini afaka:
- ititian;
- amakhorali;
- okubomvu;
- isaqathe;
- cinnabar, njll.
Ama-reds apholile atholakala kumathoni aluhlaza afaka:
- ukuqhuma;
- i-alizarin;
- obomvu klebhu;
- ukhadinali, njll.
Ikhishi elibomvu, elingaphakathi lalo liphethwe yimibala ejulile ebomvu klebhu, burgundy kanye ne-burgundy enhle, ivame ukubukeka izuzisa kakhulu kunekamelo, umklamo walo owakhiwe ngemibala entekenteke kodwa engenabunono. Ukwehlisa ukugcwala kombala, lapho uhlobisa ikhishi, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa indawo ye-matte noma ngokubonakalayo uhlukanise isikhala sibe yizindawo usebenzisa ifenisha noma eminye imibala.
Zonke izici ezibomvu ngaphakathi ekhishini: okuhle nokubi
Ukuhlela indawo yangaphakathi ekhishini ngokubomvu kunezinzuzo zombili ezingenakuphikwa kanye nezinye izingibe. Okubi kwesikimu sombala esinjalo kuvame ukufihlwa ngendlela engafundile yomklami uqobo, othuthukisa ngokungafanele umqondo womklamo ozayo. Futhi, umbala obomvu ungaba isitha esikhohlisayo kothile ongahambisani nalo mthunzi ngokombono wokusebenza kwengqondo.
Izinzuzo zombala omangazayo lapho uhlobisa ikhishi kuvame ukunganaki ububi obukhona:
- Okubomvu umbala osebenzayo, obaluleke kakhulu egumbini lapho ukubukeka kokungcola kucishe kungagwemeki.
- Ingaphakathi elinemibala egqamile alikwazi ukubhoreka ngokushesha. Ukuvuselelwa ngezikhathi ezithile kokuhlobisa, ukusesha izinto ezintsha nezinhlobonhlobo zezitsha kwenza kube lula ukuvuselela ukwakhiwa ngokungeza imibala emisha kuyo.
- Okubomvu kunomthelela omuhle emzimbeni womuntu nasengqondweni. Ingaphakathi elikhanyayo elikhanyayo lingenza ikhofi yakho yasekuseni ivuselele ngokwengeziwe futhi yengeze imizwa yakho enhle yosuku lonke.
Yisiphi isitayela esifanele ikhishi e-burgundy nakwamanye ama-shades abomvu
Izitayela eziningi ezithandwayo zivumela ukusebenzisa lo mbala okhanyayo ekuhlobiseni ikhishi. Kepha noma kunjalo, okubomvu okujulile okuthandwa kakhulu kuhlala kusitayela sasempumalanga kanye nemikhuba eguqulwe kuso, ngokuya ngefilosofi kaFeng Shui.
Ukuphinda wenze ukunambitheka kwase-Asia, ungasebenzisa okungaphezulu kokuhlobisa odongeni okukhulu. Izitsha ezithokozisayo ze-sushi, amakhethini alula aprintiwe ngesimo sama-hieroglyphs, izithombe ezihlekisayo noma ukuhlobisa ngoqalo kuzongena kubanikazi bamakhaya enganekwaneni yangempela yasempumalanga.
Ukunamathisela kungenye indlela engacatshangwa ngaphandle kokubomvu. Ifenisha ekhanyayo, udonga nethayela laphansi ngemibala ehlukile ebekwe kuphethini lokuhlola, izindwangu zasekhishini ezinokuphrinta ipea nezithombe ezinamantombazane amahle, izimpawu zobuhle zaleyo minyaka ekude, kuzokwenza ingaphakathi lekhishi likhumbuleke futhi libe yisicefe.
Abathandi bezinto zangaphakathi eziqonde kakhulu bazokwazisa isitayela seVictoria, esisekela nokubomvu.
Ikhishi ngamathoni abomvu: yini okufanele ugxile kuyo
Ngisho nekhishi elincane kakhulu lingancintisana negumbi elikhulu lesitudiyo uma izinto zokuhlobisa ezibomvu zilukelwe ngokuvumelanayo ngaphakathi kwalo.
Izindonga
Ukuhlobisa udonga kuyindlela elula futhi engabizi kakhulu yokwakha umqondo oyisisekelo wengaphakathi lekhishi elibomvu. Kulesi sigaba sokulungisa, ungasebenzisa izinto ezahlukahlukene, ngayinye ethakazelisa ngendlela yayo ukusuka ekubukeni komklamo:
- Ukudweba udonga ngopende ngokufaka i-pigment kukuvumela ukuthi ulungise ngokuzimela ukugcwala nokujula komthunzi. Ungafaka futhi enye ingubo ephezulu yopende usebenzisa irola enephethini.
- I-plaster yaseVenetian ifihla ngokunenzuzo ukungahambi kahle komhlaba futhi yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa okubomvu neminye imibala ethokozisayo.
- Iphephadonga le-Liquid linokuthungwa okuthakazelisayo, ukufakwa komsindo ophezulu nokumelana nomswakama. Ngenxa yama-glitters ekwakhiweni kwawo, ungafinyelela i-shimmer ethokozisayo ngamathoni abomvu.
- Iphephadonga elijwayelekile elinephethini ye-tonal lizonxenxa abalandeli be-classic finish. Futhi ngenxa yesithombe sangemuva sesithombe sanamuhla, udonga lwe-nondescript luzophenduka iphaneli ebabazekayo.
Phansi
Ukuthayela akulungile kuphela ezitezi zangasese. Ukusetshenziswa kalula nokusebenziseka kalula kokuhlanza kwenza lolu hlobo lwezinto zokuqeda lufanele izindawo zasekhishini. Okubomvu kuhamba kahle ngokumhlophe nokumnyama. Sebenzisa le nhlanganisela ngesikhathi sokufakwa, ubeka amathayili ngemibala ehlukile ngephethini enesiphithiphithi noma ye-checkerboard.
Izitezi ezenziwe ngokhuni akuzona ezisebenziseka kakhulu ekhishini. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobonhlobo ze-varnish enemibala egqokiwe engagqokile yezinkuni ivula amathoni amaningi ahloniphekile futhi ajulile angadlalwa ngokunenzuzo endaweni yangaphakathi yesimanje.
Ungakhetha futhi ikhwalithi ephezulu ye-linoleum, i-laminate noma i-porcelain stoneware kweminye imibala. Ngokususelwa enhlanganisweni yombala ehambisanayo, thola umthunzi ofanele ongeke ungqubuzane nezindonga ezibomvu, iphinifa, ifenisha nezinye izinto zangaphakathi ekhishini lakho.
Uphahla
Ukwelulwa okulula noma okwaseFrance kulungile emakhishini anokwehla okukhulu endizeni yophahla. Ububanzi bombala ocebile wento leyo, isibuko esikhazimulayo esibukekayo noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthuliswa okuhle kwe-matte kukwenza ukuthi zombili zikhulise ukunaka ophahleni futhi zikwenze ungabambeki kangako.
I-Drywall ingenye indlela yokwelapha yezindawo ezingalingani. Ijubane lokufaka lenza lokhu okubaluleke kakhulu ezintweni ezidinga ukulungiswa ngokushesha okukhulu. Uphahla lwe-plasterboard lungapendwa ngokwengeza ngokukhetha noma yimuphi umthunzi obomvu.
Kuyavunyelwa futhi ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zepulasitiki noma zerack ukuqeda uphahla lwekhishi elibomvu.
Uphahla lwasekhishini lungagcinwa lumhlophe ukuze ludlale ngokungafani lapho kwakhiwa imiklamo. I-tandem emhlophe nebomvu yemibala ihlala ingenye yezinhlanganisela zombala zakudala.
Iphinifa netafula phezulu
Itafula kanye nephinifa, elenziwe ngombala ofanayo, livame ukubukeka lizwana kakhulu futhi libukeka. Kodwa-ke, esimweni sokubomvu, i-duo enjalo iba sengcupheni yokubukeka njengendawo ekhanyayo kepha engabizi ezodonsela ukunaka, iguqule ukugcizelelwa kwawo wonke umqondo wokuklama kuye.
Ngakho-ke, izixazululo ezinenhlanganisela ye-apron ebomvu enetheyiphu emnyama noma elula futhi ngokuphambene nalokho ingeyokuqala. Lapho uhlanganisa imibala eminingana, kubalulekile ukuthi ucabangele umthunzi waphansi, okumele futhi uhambisane nephalethi ekhethiwe futhi ungahlangani nezinsika zesethi yekhishi.
Inhlanganisela ezuzisa ngobuhle - ukuphinda umbala we-apron ngomthunzi wama-facade kanye nokuhlanganiswa okuhambisanayo kohlelo lombala kwetheyithoni nethoni yaphansi. Ukushintshaniswa okunjalo kwamathunzi asondele kukuvumela ukuthi wenze ingaphakathi lingavamile, licabange futhi lingakhanyi.
Ama-facade
Izingubo ezinhle ezingaphambili ezicwebezelayo zingenye yemininingwane yangaphakathi ebonakala kakhulu. Okuwukuphela kwento ebabazekayo esicwebezelweni yisidingo sokuhlanzwa njalo: amabala amanzi neminwe yeminwe ivame ukuhlala esibukweni sefenisha. Ama-facade abomvu ama-Matte afuna ngenkani ukugcina futhi enze ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa isikhathi esincane ukugcina ukubukeka okuhle.
Ungagcwalisa i-facade ekhanyayo yefenisha yasekhishini enezinto ezifakwe ngombala wesiliva. I-Metallic kufanele ihlanganiswe nokubomvu okubandayo: i-shades ye-carmine noma i-cardinal. Ama-facade angenazibambo, anesistimu yokuvula ngomshini kusuka ekucindezeleni, abukeka engavamile.
Ungagxila futhi ku-facade yekhishi ngosizo lwephethini yethoni. Umbiko we-monogram, wezimbali noma wejometri kungaba umbala ohlukile noma umthunzi ofanayo, kepha ngokugcwala okuhlukile.
Izimiso zokufanisa imibala
Okubomvu akubekezeleli indawo engacabangi. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuhlanganiswa kombala okuhle kakhulu, okungeke kujabulise iso kuphela, kepha futhi kuzoba nomthelela omuhle ekulinganisweni kwengqondo. Kuvinjelwe okumpunga, okuluhlaza okuzolile, okumnyama okungaqondakali, okuphuzi okujabulayo, okuluhlaza obandayo nobumsulwa obumangalisayo - yomibili imibala ethandwa kakhulu futhi engajwayelekile ngokuphelele ihlanganiswe kahle nokubomvu.
Ikhishi elibomvu nelimhlophe
I-countertop emhlophe, i-apron noma i-facade iyanciphisa ngobumnene umphumela onobudlova obomvu, uhlanza yonke imitha yomthunzi ocebile, okhanyayo wezindonga noma phansi ngethoni engathathi hlangothi. Inhlanganisela yokuwina emhlophe nokubomvu kufanelekile cishe kuzo zonke izitayela.
Ikhawuntara yebha yokukhanya, ifakwe iziphathi zengilazi ezilenga ngokukhanyisa okubomvu, nayo ingaba nenani elikhulu lokuklama. Amalambu e-diode akhanyayo azosebenza njengomthombo owengeziwe wokukhanyisa nemininingwane yangaphakathi. Izihlalo ezimhlophe, izindwangu ezikhanyayo namakhethini ahambisana nomhlobiso wasekhishini. Izimbiza zezimbali ezimhlophe njengeqhwa ezibekwe efasiteleni nazo zizobukeka zizinhle.
Uhlelo lombala obomvu nomhlophe lufanele amakamelo amancane nalokho okubizwa nge- "Khrushchev". Imibala ekhanyayo ibukeka ikhulisa isikhala esilinganiselwe, ikhulisa ngokubonakalayo ikhishi elincane ngemitha eyisikwele noma ngaphezulu.
Iphalethi elimnyama nelibomvu endaweni yangaphakathi ekhishini
Ibanga elimnyama nelibomvu libhekwa njengolaka kakhulu. Kepha inhlanganisela enjalo yemibala ihlala isebenza kahle, ngakho-ke iyaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa emakhishini anamuhla.
Inhlanganisela yemininingwane emnyama nebomvu ingalinciphisa ngokubonakalayo igumbi, ngakho-ke, lapho ukhetha ukuhlelwa kwezimbali, kungcono ukushiya ukuklanywa kwekhishi bese usebenzisa izinguquko eziphikisanayo kusuka ebumnyameni kuya kobomvu.
Ukugqamisa okuyinhloko ngaphakathi kwekhishi elibomvu nelomnyama kungaba usinki omnyama owenziwe ngamatshe okufakelwa. Umpompi omnyama ofaniswe nethoni ugcwalisa isixazululo sokuqala samapayipi.
Ngaphezu kokufaka amapayipi, kumnyama, ungathatha isitofu noma i-hob, i-oven ne-hood. Emakamelweni anjalo, amahedisethi ezihlalo anezinto ezifakwayo ze-leatherette, agcwalisa i-bar counter noma itafula lokudlela elinengilazi ephezulu, kubukeka kuthakazelisa.
Ikhishi elibomvu ngokumpunga
Ukushintsha amalahle amnyama acebile kungenziwa ngompunga ojulile osuselwa kuphimbo eliphansi elibubende. Ukuze ungatholi ukungqubuzana kobubanzi bombala, umthunzi obomvu kufanele futhi ubande.
Ingaphakathi elibomvu ngokubomvu lilungele amakamelo wanoma iluphi usayizi. Umbala ompunga othambile muhle zombili njengetayela ku-backsplash, njengomthunzi ovelele wemingcele yesethi yasekhishini, nanjengobuso bomsebenzi ophambili wehhostela.
Indawo okugxilwa kuyo kungaba yisiqandisi sensimbi, ibhodi likamazibuthe elenziwe odongeni, usinki omkhulu ojulile kanye nokhaphethi omude ompunga omude.
I-gamut ebomvu eluhlaza
I-pistachio enamanzi nemibala ecebile yomnqumo yizinto ezinhle kakhulu zokubhangqwa nobomvu emakhishini anamuhla. Yonke imibala eluhlaza njengokubomvu, ifanekisela impilo uqobo lwayo. Kepha iphalethi le-emerald liyaduduza emvelweni, ngakho-ke ligcwalisa ngokuphelele okubomvu okuthokozisa ngokweqile.
Izindonga eziluhlaza okotshani zigcizelela indawo yokuhlala ebomvu. Kungakuhle ukuhlobisa ifenisha entofontofo ngemicamelo ukufanisa umhlobiso wodonga.
Izimbali ezintsha ziyimfanelo engenakulinganiswa yokudla okubomvu nokuhlaza. Omama bezindlu kufanele banake izinhlobonhlobo zezimbali zasendlini ezineziqongqo ezicebile eziluhlaza nokuchachamba okubomvu okuthakazelisayo. Ama-Anthurium, i-poinsettia, i-coleus, i-croton noma i-columnea izozizwa kahle emafasiteleni.
Ikhishi elibomvu nelinsundu
Abathandi bezitayela ze-loft ne-Provence bazokwazisa ukuthamba kwenhlanganisela yensundu nokubomvu esikhaleni sasekhishini. Ukushintshwa okuthambile kusuka emthunzini ofudumele kuya komunye, umugqa omncane phakathi kwemibala ehambisanayo wenza kube nokwenzeka ukudala indawo yangaphakathi ethokomele futhi ezolile.
UBrown uthola indawo ezingxenyeni ezingaphambili zemfenisha yezinkuni zemvelo, amathawula namaphothi, ukuhlobisa kwe-ceramic: izimbiza zezimbali, amapuleti ahlukahlukene odonga lwevintage ngesitayela sobuzwe.
Ukugcizelela ubulula nobukhazikhazi bomqondo wokuklama, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa izindawo ze-matte nokushiya ngokuphelele ukubonakaliswa okucwebezelayo.
Inhlanganisela ebomvu ye-turquoise ngaphakathi kwekhishi
Ukudlala kwamathunzi afudumele nabandayo kuthola ukwenziwa kwangempela emakhishini kusikimu sombala obomvu o-turquoise. Zonke izithunzi zo-turquoise, kusuka kokukhanya okukhanyayo kuya kokukhanyayo, kugcizelela ukunotha kokubomvu nokubomvu, kuguqula ikhishi libe igumbi elingabalulekile ngempela.
Kungcono ukufaka umbala we-turquoise kokungaphakathi ngokuqonde:
- thatha imicamelo ekhanyayo yokuhlobisa ekhoneni elithambile;
- thenga i-tulle engenasisindo ukugqamisa indawo yewindi;
- thola isethi yangempela yezitsha ze-ceramic emthunzini we-acidic turquoise;
- sakaza ukhaphethi onenqwaba ende.
Oluluhlaza olufudumele olubomvu futhi olupholile luqabula igumbi. Ingaphakathi elinjalo lihlala libukeka lilihle futhi liyintsha, noma ngabe liqukethe ama-echoes wokuhlobisa ukuvuna.
I-beige nekhishi elibomvu
Ukuluka kwe-beige noma igolide elibomvu ngokukhanyayo nelintekenteke kuhambisana nesitayela se-Victorian. Amakhishi akulesi sikimu sombala ayivelakancane, futhi i-beige ihlala ikhanya kakhulu, icishe ibe nge-pastel futhi ayincintisani nokubomvu.
Ukuze ube nekhishi elibomvu le-beige, khetha okubomvu kusuka ku-spectrum efudumele, njengoba i-carmine ne-raspberry izobukeka ingaphandle ngokumelene ne-beige elithambile elikhilimu.
Ngo-beige, kufanelekile ukwenza phansi, welule uphahla kanye ne-countertop. Itshe elihlobisayo kulo mthunzi othambile lizosiza kamnandi izindonga ezinombala okhanyayo.
Ingaphakathi lekhishi eliphuzi nelibomvu
Iphalethi lasekhishini elibomvu neliphuzi lifreshi futhi alibalulekile njengokuhlanganiswa kofudu olubomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Okuphuzi kusebenza ngokuncintisana nayo yonke imibala ebomvu futhi, ngokusondela ku-orange, kujulisa ubukhulu bezwi elibomvu.
Ophuzi futhi ongasuthiswanga ophuzi ngokumelene nesizinda sokubomvu kubonakala kubanda futhi kuthuthukisa imfudumalo yamuva.
Ngokuvamile, ukuhlanganiswa okuphuzi nokubomvu ngaphakathi kwekhishi kungaba nomthelela omubi kwi-psyche, kuvuse ubuchopho ngokungadingekile. Yize igumbi elisesikimini sombala ofanayo ekuqaleni lidala ukuvela okuhle nokuhle. Kepha ngemuva kohlangothini olunelanga nethemba lomklamo onjalo, imiphumela emibi kubaninikhaya ingafihlwa.
Ikhishi elibomvu okwesibhakabhaka
I-tandem yokubomvu nokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibhekwa ngokufanele njengenye yezinhlanganisela ezinzima kakhulu, ezingemnandi nezicindezelayo ngaphakathi hhayi kuphela ekhishini, kepha futhi nanoma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala. Lapho ukhetha imibala yokuqedela ikhishi elizayo, kungcono ukushiya ngokushesha le nhlanganisela. Uma ukukhetha kwephalethi elithile elibucayi kubalulekile futhi kungenakugwenywa, dlala ngalo neminye imibala. Isibonelo, hlukanisa iphinifa elibomvu nezindawo zekhishi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngetafula elimhlophe elimhlophe.
Uma kungenzeka, gwema isikali esibomvu okwesibhakabhaka ngokuphelele futhi ungasisebenzisi ezindaweni ezinkulu. Ngesifiso esinamandla, imininingwane emincane eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ingangezwa ngokusobala kungaphakathi lekhishi elibomvu: ama-vases, amalambu, imidwebo emincane. Kodwa lokhu kuzothinta kabi umbono womklamo wonke wefulethi, nengxenye yengqondo yethonya lama-shades ahlukahlukene.
I-tricolor engaphelelwa yisikhathi: emnyama, emhlophe nokubomvu
Imibala emithathu eqinile edingeka ngaphakathi ndawonye yenza isikimu sombala esihlala sisebenza emakhishini. Okubomvu, okuthanjiswe ukuhlanzeka okumhlophe futhi kufakwe ingcindezi emnyama, kudlala ngokujula kombala okusha ngokuphelele.
Ngaphakathi kwe-tricolor, iphansi elinamathayili amnyama namhlophe abekwe kuphethini lokuhlola libukeka lifanelekile, eligcizelela ngobuqili ubuhlakani obukhanyayo be-headset. Ngaphakathi okunjalo, i-tabletop ingaba mnyama noma ilula. Indawo yegumbi isebenza njengesiqondiso ekukhetheni umbala oyisisekelo. Lapho incane ikhishi, izindawo ezilula kakhulu okudingeka uzigqamise usebenzisa izinguquko ezingafani kusuka kumbala owodwa ziye komunye.
I-tulle emhlophe njengeqhwa izokwenza igumbi lasekhishini likhanye, libukeke likhulise ukuvuleka kwewindi. Ngokukhanya kwemini okuningi, ikhishi ngokwalo lizobukeka likhulu ngokwengeziwe.
Ukuthuthukiswa komklamo wekhishi kuyinqubo ekhandlayo edinga ulwazi oluthile nomuzwa wobuhle. I-Scarlet nayo yonke imibala yayo ingumbala onzima kakhulu, futhi ikhishi elibomvu ngaphakathi lidinga ukunakwa okukhethekile lapho kwakhiwa umbono wokuklama. Kepha ukuqala komthunzi ohlangothini oluningi futhi oshukumisayo kunxephezela konke ukungalungi labo abaphupha ngekhishi elimangazayo ngombala ocebile wokuqinisekisa impilo bangahlangabezana nakho ngenxa yokungabi nalwazi.
