Ukubumba kwe-Stucco ngaphakathi kwaqala ezikhathini zeGrisi neRoma lasendulo, ngakho-ke kubhekwa ngokufanele njengenye yezinhlobonhlobo ezindala kakhulu. Ithole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi ngenkathi ye-classicism, i-baroque, i-empire, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ayikhohlwanga.
Vele, ukubumba kwesitucco kwanamuhla akusafani, kuthuthukisiwe, kwethulwa kumthengi ngezici ezifanele ngentengo engabizi. Ezitolo, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zomhlobiso we-stucco zethulwa ngemininingwane ehlukile ehlanganiswe ibe ukwakheka okukodwa. Inqubo yokubaza ayifani nomsebenzi wabakhi basendulo, kepha umphumela wokubuka awunjalo ngokwemvelo.
Izinto zokwenza i-stucco
Ngesinye isikhathi, ukubunjwa kwe-stucco kwakudingeka kudalwe kusuka kusimende kasimende, i-lime, i-plaster noma i-gypsum. Kulezi zinsuku, kusetshenziswa imixube ekhethekile ye-gypsum, kanye nokuhlobisa okulungiselelwe okwenziwe nge-polyurethane noma i-polystyrene (aka polystyrene), evele inanyathiselwe endaweni elungisiwe bese ipendwa. Inketho ngayinye inezinzuzo nezinkinga zayo.
Polyurethane stucco udini
Ngenxa yamandla nokuthungwa okuhle, okokusebenza kusondele ekubunjweni kokhonkolo kwangempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akesabi izimo ezihlukahlukene zokushisa, umswakama nokukhanya okulimazayo komshini. Kungapendwa ngopende ngokuphelele. Kukhona futhi amasethi akhethekile akuvumela ukuthi udale umphumela wasendulo. Uma kunesidingo sokunamathisela ngaphezulu kwendawo egobile, kubalulekile ukukhetha okokusebenza ngokuguquguquka okudingekayo, inothi ngalokhu ivame ukwenziwa ngumenzi.
Ukuhlobisa kwePolystyrene
Izingxenye ze-Styrofoam zilula, ziyaguquguquka, zishibhile. Cishe yonke imizi inamabhodi okushibilika e-polystyrene, okuwumhlobiso olula we-stucco. Okubi kakhulu kwemikhiqizo yikhwalithi. Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-polystyrene ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kubantu nasezilwaneni ezifuywayo, ngoba ama-dents ahlala kalula kuwo.
Ukhonkolo udini
Enye yezinto ezinzima kakhulu ukusebenza nayo, idinga amakhono athile kanye nesipiliyoni. Isikhunta se-Gypsum stucco sinesisindo kakhulu, futhi akulula ukusilungisa. Kwezimfanelo ezinhle, kufanelekile ukuqaphela izimfanelo zobuhle nezinketho zokwakha ezingenamkhawulo. Ngaphezu kokuhlobisa okwenziwe ngomumo, abakhiqizi banikela ngezingxube ze-plaster zokwenza amaphethini ahlukile kanye nama-bas-reliefs.
Izinhlobo zokubunjwa komhlobiso wangaphakathi
Iphethini ephelele ye-stucco idalwa ngokuxhuma izingxenye eziningi ezahlukahlukene, njengomklami.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokuhlobisa, cabanga ngezinhloko:
- Amabhodi okushibilika angama-slats ahlanganisa ukuhlangana kwephansi nezindonga. Yile mininingwane okungenani ebunjwe kaningi. Imvamisa amabhodi okhuni noma epulasitiki okushibilika afaniswe nezwi lesembozo saphansi;
- ICornice - Imichilo yokuhlobisa yobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, emboza ikhona elakhiwe udonga nophahla;
- Ukubumba - ipulangwe elinephethini yevolumu. Isetshenziselwa ukumboza amalunga wezinto ezingafani, ukwenza amafreyimu, amafreyimu, ama-cornices, njll.
- I-bas-relief ukwakheka okugcwele okuqoshwe ngenhla kwendiza.
- I-rosette - ukubunjwa kwe-stucco yezimo ezahlukahlukene, ifaka iphoyinti lokulinganisa;
- Ubakaki ukusekelwa kwezingxenye eziphumayo. Ingahlotshiswa ngama-curls ahlukahlukene;
- Ikholamu yigama elikhombisa ngokugcwele ingqikithi yesihloko. Isici sokuklama sinezingxenye ezintathu: isisekelo (ukwesekwa okungezansi), ikholomu uqobo lwayo, ingxenye ethwesa umqhele (inhlokodolobha noma i-pilaster);
- I-Niche - ifakwe odongeni, isetshenziselwa ukufaka isithombe, ifonti nezinye izinto.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zinto eziyisisekelo, kuneminye imininingwane eminingi: abasiki abahlukahlukene, amakhona, ama-pediment, ama-midships, amaphethini, ama-curls, imininingwane eyodwa yomhlobiso.
Kukuziphi izitayela zangaphakathi ukubunjwa kwe-stucco okufanelekile kakhulu
Ukubunjwa kwe-stucco okugcwele kungenzeka kungabi khona kuzo zonke izitayela. Vele, lokhu akukona nje kuphela nge-cornice esophahleni noma ibhodi lokushibilika.
Isitayela soMbuso
Isici esiyinhloko salesi sitayela ukunethezeka kombuso, okugcizelelwa ukubunjwa kwe-stucco. Idizayini yangaphakathi kufanele ifake ifenisha enkulu esindayo yama-mahogany. Imihlobiso ejwayelekile yimikhonto, amagatsha e-oki, imicibisholo, iminsalo, ezinye izimpawu ezinjengempi, izinkozi zama-laurel wreaths, izibalo zabesifazane ezisuselwa kwimidwebo kaPompeian.
I-Art Deco
Ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwama-20s "anesiphepho" sekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Lesi sitayela sibuye sifanekise ingcebo nokunethezeka, ngaphezu kokubunjwa kwe-stucco, kuvezwa ngezinto ezibizayo, izikhumba zezilwane ezingaphandle, imibala ecebile. Izakhi ze-Stucco: izilwane nezinyoni, kepha ingaphakathi akufanele ligcwale ngokweqile, kunikezwa okuncamelayo kwemigqa ecacile, ubujamo bejometri elula.
I-Baroque
Isigaba esihlukile ekuthuthukiseni ubu-classicism, obubonwa yisizotha, ubukhazikhazi, ukwanda okubonakalayo kwesikhala nganoma iyiphi indlela. I-Baroque, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ihlukaniswa ngobuningi bezithombe ezibaziweyo, amakholomu asontekile, izibuko eziningi, okhaphethi, okopende. Umhlobiso wesici se-stucco kuzoba yimigqomo esindayo yezithelo nezimbali, amakhathuni, igridi emise okwedayimane enama-rosette, umhlobiso oyinkimbinkimbi.
URococo
I-ensemble yangaphakathi igcizelela ukwethembeka nokudlala. Ukunakwa okwengeziwe kukhonjiswa ezinganekwaneni, izigcawu ezivusa inkanuko. Isitayela silungele ukudala umoya osondelene. Kuwo wonke ama-asymmetry, ama-curvilinear contours, ama-curls ahlukahlukene namagagasi angalandelwa, ukweqiwa kwemihlobiso emincane kusuka ezindongeni kudlulela ophahleni. UVenus uvame ukuba unkulunkulu ophakathi nendawo, azungezwe ama-nymphs, ama-cupids, ama-satyrs.
Isitayela sesiGreki
I ukwenziwa rationality, malula, ukuvumelana, ukuphelela. I-motif eyintandokazi yamaGrikhi isiyingi esibhalwe esigcawini. Isitayela sihlukaniswa ngokuyinhloko ukuma kukanxande wegumbi elinamakholomu emakhoneni asekela imishayo yophahla. I-stucco emhlophe, ifenisha, okokugqoka, okuqoshiwe kuqhathaniswa nombala ocebile wezindonga. Iphansi libonakala ngendwangu yemabula. Ukubunjwa kwe-Stucco yesitayela sesiGreki: amakholomu, ama-motifs wezimbali, izithelo, amagilebhisi, izithombe, izitsha zamaGrikhi.
I-Classicism
Kuboniswa ngokuzithiba, ukuvumelana kanye nokuqonda kwamafomu. Idizayini yakudala, yakho konke ubukhazikhazi bayo, ingabukeka ihlanzekile kunobuchwepheshe obusha obusha. Ukubunjwa kwe-stucco kucacisa imigqa eqondile, izikwele, onxande, ama-rosettes, izimbali, imihlobiso ehlukahlukene, amaphethini, ukuphindwaphindwa kwezisusa ezilula. Kwesinye isikhathi izimpawu zothando zizolunga: izinyoni, amathoshi, izimbali.
Ukuvuselelwa kabusha
Kubonisa amasiko asendulo amaRoma kanye namaGrikhi asendulo okunethezeka kokuzijabulisa. Ukunotha kugcizelelwa ubukhulu begumbi. Isitayela sinaka kakhulu ukuhlobisa: amakholomu, ama-cornices, umhlobiso, ukudweba ezindongeni nasesilingini. Kusetshenziswe ifenisha enkulu eyenziwe ngokhuni olumnyama noma olukhanyayo. Ukubumba kwe-Stucco kungahlukahluka kakhulu: izakhi zesilwane, izimbali, imizimba yabantu enqunu, amajazi ezingalo, izingane ezikhuluphele, amahlumela ezitshalo, izithelo, ama-chimera.
Isimanje
Enye yezindawo ezidume kakhulu, ebonakala ngokwenqatshwa kokulinganisa. Ngenxa yobulula bayo, ingena kahle esikhaleni samafulethi anamuhla. Kubonisa isifiso sobulula ngaphandle kokunikela ngomusa. Umhlobiso we-Stucco kuleli cala konke okuxhunywe nemvelo: izitshalo, izinhlumba, amakhowe, imifudlana yamanzi, imigqa ye-wavy egobile, ubuso besifazane obuthambile obunezinwele ezinde, ezilahlekile emigqonyeni yezingubo ezikhanyayo.
Ukubunjwa kwe-Stucco endaweni yangaphakathi yesimanje
Ukubumba kwe-Stucco efulethini noma endlini kunika umkhathi ukubukeka okunethezeka, kukwenza kube okwangempela, kepha kungabi nomusa. Ukuhlobisa kukuvumela ukuthi udale imiphumela ekhethekile yokubuka, isibonelo, ukungapheli kophahla noma ukwehla kwamandla odonga. Imichilo ehlukahlukene enephethini, ukuvala izikhala namajoyinti, ukulungisa amaphutha okulungile, kugcwalisa ngempumelelo umugqa wokujoyina izinto ezahlukahlukene nezindawo ezihlukile. Ukukhanyisa okufihliwe kwesinye isikhathi kufakwa ngemuva kwe-stucco ceiling plinths.
Amakhebula ophahleni ahlelwe nge-rosette enesimo esifanele ngephethini. Ama-platbands okuhlobisa, ama-medallion, ama-garland akuvumela ukuthi uhlobise ama-niches, uhlobise izindiza zezindonga, iminyango, amawindi, ama-arches noma izibuko.
Izibonelo eziningi ezinokubumba kwe-stucco ngaphakathi kufanele ukuphefumulelwa, kepha kungcono ukukhetha uhlelo lokuhleleka nokuhlobisa okusethwe ngakunye, kucatshangelwa izici zesakhiwo, ukuhlelwa kwefenisha.
Ukubumba kwe-Stucco kuyindlela enhle yokwakha ukulingiswa kophahla oluhlanganisiwe, kepha ngasikhathi sinye kushibhile, kukhanya futhi kunhle kakhulu. Ukuvuleka okuhlotshiswe nge-plaster stucco kuzobukeka kuthakazelisa ngokwengeziwe. Izangaphakathi zanamuhla zivame ukuhlotshiswa ngama-bas-reliefs.
Umdwebi osebenza ngopulasitela uzosiza ukwenza noma imuphi umbono ugcwaliseke, akhe izinto zokuhlobisa ze-volumetric noma amaphaneli agcwele. Ngosizo lokubumba kwe-stucco, kulula ukugcizelela izinto ezibalulekile zangaphakathi. Ukuhlobisa udonga ngamaphaneli we-volumetric 3D kuya ngokuya kujwayelekile.
Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ngephutha ukuthi ukubunjwa kwe-stucco kufanele kube mhlophe. Khonamanjalo, ngaso sonke isikhathi yayihlotshiswe ngehlamvu legolide noma ipendiwe. Namuhla kunezinketho ezingaphezulu. Ngokwesicelo sekhasimende, ukubunjwa kwe-stucco kungapendwa kunoma imuphi umthunzi, ukhuni olunamabala noma imabula, eqoshiwe, e-silvered noma enomphumela wokuguga.
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, ukubunjwa kwe-stucco ekwakhiweni kwefulethi kunezinzuzo eziningi. Kepha ngaphambi kokuhlobisa igumbi lokuphumula, ikhishi noma igumbi lokulala elinokuhlobisa okunamandla, kufanele ucabange ukuthi kuzobukeka kuvumelana yini, futhi kungabukeki kuyinto engaziwa. Imihlobiso eyeqile, ukuqhanyelwa, ayithandeki kakhulu kunokuntuleka. Ukubumba kwe-Stucco kuzoba kungafanelekile ukuphakama kophahla olungaphansi kwamamitha amathathu. Futhi, akufanele uyisebenzise emakamelweni amancane, kuzoba nomuzwa wokuxakaniseka, isimo sizosebenza ngokweqile.
