Ngabe ufuna ukuletha amanothi we-sublimity, ingokomoya, i-aristocracy ngaphakathi? Gcwalisa ingaphakathi ngamakholomu. Umphumela uzokumangaza futhi ukujabulise. Lapho usufake amakholomu ekhaya, awusoze wafuna ukuhlukana nawo futhi.
Yimiphi imisebenzi eyenziwa yile element yangaphakathi? Kusetshenziswa kuziphi izitayela? Kwenziwa ngani? Kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa amakholomu ezindlini ezincane? Ungayifihla kanjani ikholomu ethwala imithwalo? Isici esiyindida siphakamisa imibuzo eminingi.
Isimo kumakholomu angaphakathi njengezakhi zesitayela sesigodlo kuphela yinto yesikhathi esedlule. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo ekhaya, ehhovisi, emagcekeni omphakathi kuya ngokuya kwanda kakhulu. Futhi, hhayi ngeze. Amakholomu angaphakathi afanele ukuhlobisa impilo yethu nsuku zonke.
Ukusekela noma into yokuhlobisa
Abakhi bamapulani basendulo babenekhono ngokungavamile ekusetshenzisweni kwamakholomu. Bakha ezinhle ezinkulu emihumeni yamathempeli, izakhiwo zomphakathi, izindlu zezikhulu, amafulethi asebukhosini.
Mhlawumbe yingakho sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, umlando wezakhiwo ubheke amakholomu njengezinto zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zokunethezeka namandla.
Lapha akukho kuphela ezingeni lesikhundla, kepha futhi nomqondo wokuzazi, ukuzethemba komnikazi wendlu. Zama ukuma eduze kwekholomu ethile enkulu, njenge-Winter Palace, noma uhambe ngompheme weKazhedral Cathedral eSt.
Ngabe izwakala kanjani? Imizwa iyaphikisana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubukhulu nobukhulu buyacindezela. Kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma uhlangana nale nto, yijwayele, kunalokho, zinikeze ukuzethemba, ikuvumele ukuthi ukhuphuke ngaphezu kokuphithizela.
Ukubuyela kubuciko babantu basendulo, kuyamangaza ukuthi bakwazi kanjani ukuhlanganisa ukusebenza kwamakholomu nokuhlobisa. Izinsika ezinamandla kakhulu zaziphethe phansi kwamatshe, futhi ngasikhathi sinye kwakuyimisebenzi yobuciko yangempela uqobo lwazo. Amakholomu ayisipho esikhethekile esivela kubakhi bamandulo kubaklami banamuhla.
Ikholomu endaweni yangaphakathi yesimanje yenza le misebenzi elandelayo:
- ukuthwala ukwesekwa;
- isici sokuhlobisa;
- ukuklanywa kwezikhala;
- ukufihla ukuxhumana (izintambo, amapayipi);
- amasistimu wesitoreji (ama-niches, izakhi)
Ikholomu yakudala iqukethe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko - isisekelo, umzimba nezinhlokodolobha. Isisekelo siyisisekelo sekholomu; lapho sisetshenziswa njengokusekela, isisekelo sithwala umthwalo obalulekile. Umzimba uyinsika exhuma phezulu nangaphansi. Inhlokodolobha yingxenye engenhla, ihlotshiswe ngokucebile kunguqulo yakudala.
Izici zokwakhiwa kwanamuhla ukusetshenziswa kwamakholomu njengezinsizakalo. Lokhu, njengokujwayelekile, ukhonkolo onamandla oqinisiwe noma izakhiwo zensimbi ezisekela izindawo ezinkulu ezigqagqene. Njengengxenye yokuhlobisa, amakholomu afunwa ngabanikazi bezindlu ezinkulu zezwe, amafulethi okunethezeka.
Amakholomu ahlotshiswe ngokucebile abukeka kangcono kakhulu emakamelweni anokuphakama okuphezulu kophahla - kusuka ku-290 cm nangaphezulu.
Ngokufika kwemikhiqizo ye-polyurethane engasindi engasetshenzisiwe, ukusetshenziswa kwamakholomu njengemininingwane yokuhlobisa sekwenzekile ezakhiweni eziphakeme nasemafulethini amancane. Noma iyiphi ikholomu, noma eyodwa emi yodwa, "ihlukanisa" isikhala esizungezile. Ukwakhiwa kwamakholomu amabili noma amathathu kulula ukuklama ikamelo, kuqokomisa izingxenye ezithile, ngenkathi kugcinwa umuzwa wobuqotho.
Amakholoni anezinto eziningi cishe awasetshenziswa ngabakhi bezakhiwo zanamuhla uma ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sonke kungadingi lokho. Induduzo, impilo esezingeni eliphakeme idinga ukubekwa kwenqwaba yezokuxhumana ezihamba kuzo zonke izitezi zamabhilidi. Ukufihla izintambo namapayipi ngaphakathi kwekholomu kungokwasekuqaleni, kwesinye isikhathi okuwukuphela kwesixazululo sokwakha esamukelekayo.
Ukuhlomisa amakholomu ngama-niches, amasistimu wokugcina kungenye inqubo ethokozisayo. Imvamisa kubangelwa isidingo sokufihla insika ethwele, kepha ngomklamo omuhle isetshenziswa njengokuhlobisa, ukuklanywa, isici esivumelekile sokusebenza.
Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zamakholomu zingahlukaniswa ngokuma komzimba:
- isiyingi;
- okusaqanda;
- isikwele;
- unxande;
- obuningi.
Ukubheka amakholomu njengemininingwane yokuhlobisa, uhhafu wamakholomu nawo kufanele afakwe lapha. Ama-semi-columns awuthwali umthwalo osekelayo. Zinamathiselwe odongeni, zenza imisebenzi yokuhlobisa nokuklanywa, kuyilapho kugcinwa konke ukuhlobisa kobuhle okukho kuwo wonke amakholomu.
Amakholomu aphansi kusuka ku-80cm nangaphezulu agcwalisa ingaphakathi ngendlela yangempela. Zisetshenziswa njengamatafula, zimelela izitsha zokuvoda, izithombe ezibaziwe, izitsha.
Isikhathi? Isitayela? Isiqondisi?
Okwakudala okuhloniphekile
Ingaphakathi elijwayelekile elinamakholomu we-antique lisuselwa kumasampula amaGrikhi - Izitayela ze-Doric, Ionic, zaseKorinte. Umhlobiso wesisekelo, umzimba, izinhloko-dolobha, akugcini nje ngokushintsha, futhi, ukunambitheka okuhle kudinga ukunamathela okuqinile ezimisweni zamaGreki.
Amakholomu ama-Antique aseGrikhi, amakholomu angamakholomu ahlanganiswe ngokuvumelanayo nosilingi banamuhla bamazinga amaningi, ukukhanyisa, ukubumba kwe-stucco ye-polyurethane. Umhlobiso wekholomu ngosimende waseVenetian, umdwebo onemabula, itshe lemvelo lisetshenziswa kakhulu ngabahlobisi. Amakholomu enziwe ngezinto ezingabizi kakhulu - igwebu le-polyurethane, i-gypsum, ukhonkolo, bese kupendwe ngokucebile. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zazo futhi kwenza lula ukufakwa.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamakholomu amabili noma ngaphezulu axhunywe nge-arched bend kuthanda ikakhulukazi abaklami besimanje. Imengamo, ukunciphisa izindleko, ukukhanyisa isakhiwo, yenziwa nge-plasterboard.
Izinsika ezingunxande zokhuni, zigundiwe ngezinhlobo zezinkuni ezibizayo ngesitayela sesifundo sesiNgisi noma isithabathaba somuzi waseRussia, kanye namapulangwe okhuni ezindongeni, kungabhekwa ngesitayela esifanayo.
Impumalanga engaqondakali
Amakholoni ahlaba umxhwele axhunywe ngamakhothamo ayingxenye ebalulekile yokwakhiwa kwaseMpumalanga. Ngokuphambene nokuvinjelwa kwakudala, umzimba wekholomu esempumalanga uhlotshiswe kakhulu ngamatshe asetshenziswayo, imihlobiso nemibala egqamile.
Amarowu e-arched agcizelelwa yimigqa eyengeziwe, futhi acwebezele ngokucebile nangokukhanyayo.
Ama-ensembles ezakhiwo anezinsika ezingaphakathi zasempumalanga agcwaliswa yimidwebo yezindwangu, okhaphethi, amawindi engilazi anamabala.
Amathrendi wanamuhla angaphakathi
Isitayela esincane, i-hi-tech, i-loft - amakholomu awagciniwe. Lezi zitayela zinikeza isikhala esiningi samahhala, ukuphakama okukhulu. Amakholomu lapha asebenza njengezisekelo zaphansi. Ngokuvamile, lezi yizinsika ezilula, eziqedile ngokuya ngesitayela segumbi - insimbi (isiliva, i-nickel, i-chrome, ithusi), i-clinker "isitini esidala", ukhonkolo onemikhondo yefomu.
Umkhuba wakamuva ukusetshenziswa kokukhanyisa kumakholomu engilazi ye-bubble.
Izitayela ze-Rustic
Ku-provence endala enhle, isitayela se-Russian rustic, nezinye izitayela zobuzwe, ukhuni netshe lemvelo elinolaka kukhethwa ukuhlobisa ikholomu.
Amakholomu angaba ngokhuni ngokuphelele, futhi "itshe" liqede ezisekelweni ezahlukahlukene (ukhonkolo, i-polyurethane foam, i-plasterboard, ikholamu yamanga) yenziwa ngezinto ezilingisa itshe.
Usebenzisa uhhafu wamakholomu, amakholomu, uwahlobise ngokususelwa kwisitayela segumbi lonke, futhi noma yikuphi, ngisho nekhawuntala elula kunazo zonke kuzoba "okugqamile".
Izinto ezifanelekayo ... zamakholomu
Ngokwesiko, izakhi zekholomu zazisikwa ngamatshe - imabula, i-granite, i-travertine. Kwasetshenziswa itshe lendawo kusuka kumadiphozi aseduze, ngoba amabhlogo amatshe asindayo kunzima ukuwahambisa amabanga amade. Umzimba wekholomu wawuhlanganiswe uvela ezingxenyeni eziningana, izingxenye ezaziphakathi kwazo zaxinwa ngokuqinile, insika yekholomu yayibukeka njenge-monolithic.
Kulezi zinsuku, amakholomu okuhlobisa avela etsheni lemvelo cishe awakaze enziwe ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu nokusebenza kanzima kwenqubo yokukhiqiza.
Ezakhiweni eziqinile ezingamelana nesisindo esikhulu, kusetshenziswa ukhonkolo. Amafomu alungiselelwe athelwa ngodaka lwesihlabathi-usimende, agcinwe aze aqiniswe, bese kuthi leyo formwork isuswe. Amakholomu e-Monolithic enziwa khona kanyekanye nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo.
Ezakhiweni zokhuni, izinto ezenziwe ngezingodo eziqinile zilula futhi ziyimvelo, yize lapha ungasebenzisa futhi isakhiwo sikakhonkolo ngokuqedwa kokhuni okulandelayo.
Enye into "eqinile" i-gypsum, i-gypsum columns, esindayo futhi ebiza kakhulu, ingalawulwa ngabakhandi abenza ukubunjwa kwe-gypsum stucco.
Insimbi - ilungele izinto zangaphakathi ezingatheni, ezisindayo impela, futhi insimbi "ehloniphekile" (i-chrome, nickel) ayishibhile.
Inketho yentando yeningi kakhulu amakholomu we-polyurethane foam. Kuyinto elula epulasitiki, enqunywe kalula nge-hacksaw elula, enamathele kahle ngamakhompiyutha akhethekile noma i-glue efana "nezipikili zamanzi".
Abakhiqizi bemikhiqizo yokuhlobisa amagwebu e-polyurethane banikeza ukukhethwa okukhulu kwamakholomu enziwe ngomumo, izisekelo ezihlukene, izihloko. Ungakhetha zonke izingxenye zekholomu ngawodwana, bese uhlela ngendlela oyithandayo.
Amakholomu enziwe ngalokhu kufanele apendwe, ngaphandle kwalokho i-element "izowa" kusuka kwisitayela sangaphakathi.
Inketho yezomnotho yezinto zekholomu - i-polystyrene ne-drywall.
Imikhiqizo yama-foam inezici ezifanayo njenge-polyurethane foam, kepha ubukhulu namandla amancane. Zingathengwa ngomumo.
Amakholomu e-Plasterboard akhiwe esizeni. Kulula kakhulu ukwenza okuyindilinga, okuyisikwele, izinto ezingunxande, ukuzenezela ngama-arches, niches, amashalofu. I-Plasterboard yinto eguquguqukayo ekuvumela ukuthi wenze imiklamo engalindelekile kakhulu.
Ubuso be-drywall yi-putty, noma iyiphi into yokuqedela isetshenziselwa i-putty - upende, iphepha lodonga eliwuketshezi, ukhonkolo waseVenetian.
Amakholomu namakholamu ama-semi enziwe nge-polyurethane foam, igwebu le-polystyrene, i-plasterboard afanelekile ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu ezinezitezi eziningi kanye namafulethi amancane. Ziyakuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze ukuhlobisa kwalezi zinto zokwakha, kususwe isisindo kanye nobukhulu bezinto zemvelo, ukhonkolo, ama-analogue we-plaster.
Ungayifihla kanjani ikholomu engadingeki
Izici zokwakhiwa kwamanye amabhilidi zidinga indawo enkulu yaphansi enezinombolo ezimbalwa zokuhlukanisa nezindonga ezithwala umthwalo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, kunzima ukukwenza ngaphandle kokusekelwa okufana nekholomu enkulu phakathi kwegumbi. Uma ikholomu ingahambelani nesitayela esijwayelekile segumbi, kunengqondo ukuyihlobisa.
Izibuko ezingaphezulu kwekholomu "zizoncibilikisa" insika ephazamisayo esikhaleni, futhi zizokwengeza ivolumu kulo lonke igumbi. Isixazululo sokuqala kungaba ukuguqula ikholomu ibe yinto yangaphakathi - ikhabethe elinamashalofu noma i-niche, ukwesekwa ngemuva kukasofa noma ibhentshi, itshe lomgwaqo lezinto zokuhlobisa. I-drywall etholakala kuyo yonke indawo izosiza ukufihla into engadingeki ngaphansi kwanoma yisiphi isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi.
Ingaphakathi lekamelo elinamakholomu lizohlala linenzuzo enkulu maqondana nengaphakathi ngaphandle kwazo. Uma indawo ingakuvumeli ukubeka amakholomu agcwele, sebenzisa uhhafu wamakholomu, ngeke bathathe isikhala esiningi, kepha bazofeza umsebenzi wabo wokuhlobisa.
Ukwakheka kwamakholomu uhhafu kuhlanganiswe nephepha le-photowall kunenzuzo ngokungavamile. Njengoba uthathe umdwebo wesitayela esifanelekile, ungaguqula noma yiliphi, ngisho negumbi elincane kakhulu, isibonelo, iphaseji. Umgwaqo omncane, ucezu lwensimu noma imisele yaseVenice izokwandisa ngobunye futhi ivuselele isikhala, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwama-semi-columns.
Ngemuva kokuqonda imibono yabadwebi basendulo, bekhetha izinto ezifanelekile zobuchwepheshe besimanje, isakhiwo segreyidi esikhonkolo-grey singaguqulwa sibe isigodlo sikanokusho, indlu yabafazi esempumalanga, indawo yokuhlala enonya noma ... ingadi enhle.
Manje iyini imfihlo yokusebenzisa amakholomu ngaphakathi? Banezela ivolumu, baguqula isithombe esiyisicaba sibe yi-3D, benze umphumela wesitiriyo, basethe isigqi esikhaleni, ngakho-ke benza ingaphakathi liphile futhi libe ngokoqobo.
