Izitebhisi ziyinto engajwayelekile egumbini lokuphumula. Ezindlini ezijwayelekile (ikakhulukazi zephaneli), cishe awekho amafulethi amabili, ngakho-ke izitebhisi esakhiweni sokuhlala zivame ukutholakala emakhaya. Le nto kufanele ingene kahle ngaphakathi kwengaphakathi lekhaya, ngenkathi igcina ukusebenza kwayo. Kungaba segumbini lokuphumula uma igumbi likhulu ngokwanele. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kungcono ukufaka lesi sakhiwo ehholo elibanzi. Isiteji kufanele sikhululeke futhi sihlale isikhathi eside. Okuhlukile kulapho kukhona igumbi lokugcina esitezi sesibili ngenhla kwegumbi lokuphumula kanye nephaseji, okungafakwanga kakhulu kulo. Lapho-ke izitebhisi zingadlala indima yokuhlobisa kuphela. Kodwa-ke, uma umndeni unezingane ezincane, kusadingeka ukuthi unakekele ukuqina kwezitebhisi nokuphepha komgwaqo. Igumbi elinesitebhisi libukeka lihle futhi lihlaba umxhwele, ngakho-ke akufanele lifihlwe.
Izici zangaphakathi kwegumbi lokuhlala elinesitebhisi
Ingaphakathi legumbi lokuhlala elinesitebhisi lidinga ukusetshenzelwa kusenesikhathi. Lokhu kwakhiwa kufanele kufakwe kuphrojekthi yokwakha esigabeni sokuqala sentuthuko. Indawo yokufakwa kwayo kufanele ikhethwe kucatshangelwa i-ergonomics ukuze izitebhisi zingaphazamisi ukusebenza kwegumbi. Uma ufisa, ungahlomisa ikhishi elincane, ihhovisi, indlu yokugezela noma iphenti ngaphansi kwalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igumbi elincane lizoba nomnyango futhi likhiywe ngokhiye. Uma ufisa, ingaphendulwa indawo yokudlala ethokomele yezingane ezinama-ottomans athambile anemibala ehlukahlukene nemigoqo yezindonga. Kepha lesi sikhala singashiywa mahhala. Lesi sixazululo sizokwenza igumbi lokuphumula libe banzi futhi likhanye ngokwengeziwe. Izakhiwo ezinjalo azibekiwe eceleni kwezindonga kuphela, kepha futhi naphakathi kwegumbi, elibukeka lilihle futhi lwanamuhla. Ngasikhathi sinye, ungafaka emaphethelweni ezinyathelo:
- izimbiza ezinkulu zezimbali;
- amalambu aphansi amahle;
- ama-book racks, njll.
Izinzuzo
Izitebhisi ziyisengezo sokuqala kumhlobiso wegumbi lokuphumula. Lokhu kwakhiwa kungaqokomisa kahle imibono yokwakhiwa. Izitebhisi ezibanzi zakudala zenza igumbi lokuphumula libe ngaphezulu kwezinga eliphezulu, kanye nokwakhiwa okuthokozisayo kwezitebhisi zensimbi, njengokungathi kundiza emoyeni, kuyaphinda futhi kugcizelela isitayela se-future and avant-garde sangaphakathi. Ukwengeza ubuntu kokungaphakathi, ochwepheshe bacebisa ukudlala ngokukhanyisa. Isibonelo, ukusetha ukukhanya kombala othile esinyathelweni ngasinye. Ukuba khona kwezitebhisi egumbini lokuphumula kukhulisa amathuba okuhlobisa igumbi. Izitebhisi zibukeka zikhulisa indawo yegumbi futhi zixhuma isitezi sokuqala nesesibili. Lo mklamo wenza kube lula ukuvumelanisa izinto ezinkulu ngaphakathi ngaphakathi: zingafakwa nje ngaphansi kwazo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza.
Yokuntula
Ukuba nezitebhisi egumbini lokuphumula kunezingqinamba zako. Okokuqala, leli gumbi empeleni lizoba ukuhamba. Ngeke kwenzeke ukuthi uthathe umhlalaphansi noma uhlale ngokuthula nabangani. Uma isitebhisi esisodwa kuphela esiholela esitezi sesibili, futhi sizoba segumbini lokuphumula, lapho-ke ngeke kusakwazi ukwehla unganakwa. Isibonelo, uma elinye lamalungu omndeni lingafuni ukuxhumana nezivakashi. Okwesibili, ngenxa yalo mklamo, ukwahlukaniswa kwemisindo yegumbi kuncishiswe kakhulu. Yonke imisindo evela esitezi sesibili izolalelwa egumbini lokuphumula. Okwesithathu, igumbi lokuphumula liyimpawu yendlu, ngakho ngokwesiko lihlotshiswe kahle futhi linothe kakhulu kunamanye amakamelo. Izitebhisi ezisegumbini lokuphumula kumele zihambisane nengaphakathi lonke, ngakho-ke kuzofanele zenziwe ngezinto ezibizayo. Uma itholakala ephaseji, ungonga kumhlobiso.
Izidingo zobuchwepheshe
Izidingo ezithile zobuchwepheshe zibekwa ezitebhisini ezifakwe egumbini lokuphumula.
Lapho ufaka lezi zakhiwo, umuntu kufanele aqondiswe ngezinkambiso ze-SNiPs nezidingo ze-GOST. Isiteji kufanele sikhululeke futhi siphephe. Ngokusho kwe-GOST, i-angle yayo yokuthambekela kufanele ibe sebangeni kusuka kuma-degree angama-26 kuye kwangama-45, futhi kuzakhiwo zesikulufu inani eliphakeme le-angle yokuthambekela ngama-35 degrees. I-GOST inquma ubukhulu bezinyathelo. Izinyathelo kufanele zibe ngosayizi ofanayo. Ububanzi babo buncike kokuncamelayo komuntu siqu, kepha akunconywa ukwenza izinyathelo sezivele zingu-60 cm. Ngokuvula izindiza, leli nani kufanele libe cishe ngama-70-80 cm, nangezindiza ezijwayelekile - imitha, kepha ezimweni zezindlu ezinamazinga amabili noma izindlu ezincane ezizimele, isitebhisi esihlanganayo singaba nobubanzi bendiza Amasentimitha angama-80. Kumashi eyodwa kufanele okungenani kube nezinyathelo ezi-3 futhi ezingeqi kwezingu-16, kugcine ngezingxenyekazi. Izitimela zenzelwe kusengaphambili. Ojantshi nokuthunyelwe mpo kwenziwa kucatshangelwa umthwalo wokuklama ngemajini encane.
Izindlela zendawo
Izitebhisi ezisegumbini lokuphumula zingatholakala kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yegumbi, kepha kungcono ukucabangela okuthandayo, isitayela sangaphakathi esikhethiwe, ukwakheka nendawo yegumbi lapho ukhetha indawo yalo. Ukwehlisa umbono wegumbi lokuphumula njengegumbi lokuhamba, izitebhisi zigibele ngqo emnyango. Uma udinga ukulinganisa igumbi, ungalifaka enkabeni yegumbi. Kungcono ukufaka iladi ngaphandle kwezinsimbi noma onogada abancane eceleni kodonga kude nemishini yeziko (uma ikhona) ukunciphisa ubungozi bokulimala. Isakhiwo sezitebhisi akufanele "sidle" indawo esetshenziswayo noma sidlule izinto ezibalulekile (ngokwesibonelo, iziko elijwayelekile noma iziko elisebenza ngogesi). Kufanele ibekwe ngendlela yokuthi kube nesikhala esanele samahhala ngaphezu kwekhanda lomuntu okhuphukayo (cishe amamitha amabili). Uma kunokwenzeka, lesi sakhiwo kufanele sifakwe eduze kwewindi ukuze sinikeze ukukhanya kwemvelo okunethezekile.
Ukuhlelwa kwesikhala ngaphansi kwezitebhisi
Ngaphambi kokuhlela isikhala ngaphansi kwezitebhisi, udinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ukuxhumana okubalulekile lapho. Uma bekhona, khona-ke kufanele bahlanganiswe ngokucophelela ngokuthile (ngokwesibonelo, i-drywall) futhi bavalwe ngomsindo wokuvikela umsindo. Ngaphansi kwezitebhisi, ungahlomisa igumbi eligcwele eligcwele, ikona lezinto zasendlini (beka umshini wokuwasha kanye nomshini wokuwasha izitsha), ikhabethe lezingubo, indawo yokugcina ukudla, indawo encane yewayini, indawo yokugezela eyengeziwe noma ihhovisi. Kunezinketho eziningi zokwakhiwa kwalesi sikhala. Udinga ukugxila ezidingweni zamalungu omndeni kanye nesitayela esijwayelekile segumbi lokuphumula. Ku-niche ngaphansi kwezitebhisi, ungahlomisa umbhede owengeziwe wezivakashi ngombhede wokudonsa noma ufake isethi yekhishi elihlanganisiwe ngaphandle kwesitofu segesi uma igumbi lokuphumula lihlangene nekhishi.
Ungakhetha kanjani
Izitebhisi zingaba yindawo yokugxila yegumbi, kepha kufanele ifane nesitayela sonke segumbi. Ngakho-ke, udinga ukunquma kusengaphambili ngohlobo lokuhlobisa kwangaphakathi kwegumbi lokuphumula. Udinga ukuzama ukuxhuma amakamelo esitezi sokuqala nesesibili ngesitayela usebenzisa ukwakheka kwezitebhisi. Isitebhisi esincane esihlangene esithatha isikhala esincane egumbini silifanele igumbi lokuphumula. Izakhiwo ezinamandla zizongena endleleni kuphela. Izinto ezikhethiwe zincike ezicini zokwakhiwa kwegumbi. Imiklamo yezitebhisi ngesitayela esidala imvamisa yenziwa ngokhuni noma ngensimbi. Izitebhisi ze-Renaissance zivame ukwenziwa ngezinto zemvelo ezinobungane. Izisusa ze-Rustic ngaphakathi zibandakanya ukufakwa kwezitebhisi kuphela ngokhuni. Ukuze isitayela sobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, izitebhisi zensimbi zifanelekile.
Ngokulungiswa nokwakhiwa
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezakhiwo zesitebhisi nezinhlobo zokulungiswa kwazo. Njengokwejwayelekile, isitebhisi siqukethe ujantshi, izinyathelo, izesekeli eziphakathi, ukulungiswa nezinye izinto. Ama-Guardrails ahlinzeka ngokuphepha, kepha kungenzeka angabi yingxenye yomklamo. Imiklamo enjalo ibukeka ihlaba umxhwele, kepha ayiwafanele amakhaya anezingane ezincane noma asebethathe umhlalaphansi. Izitebhisi zivame ukuba nezingxenyekazi. Zidinga ukufakwa uma kukhona abantu asebekhulile emndenini, kulula nje. Imvamisa, uhlobo lwezitebhisi nokuqina kunqunywa indawo yegumbi, ukuphakama kophahla, isitayela esijwayelekile segumbi nezinto zokwenziwa kwezinyathelo. Izakhi ezisekelayo zesakhiwo kufanele ziqine ngangokunokwenzeka futhi zihlangabezane nazo zonke izidingo ze-GOST ne-SNiPs. Izitebhisi kufanele ziqine futhi zisebenze, futhi kuphela lapho - zinhle futhi zinhle.
Ukwakhiwa
Isitebhisi esiqondile sendiza eyodwa sithathwa njengesilula ukwenziwa, ngakho-ke yiso leso esakhelwe ezindlini ezizimele. Ingena kahle kunoma iyiphi ingaphakathi. Izitebhisi ezihamba indiza eyodwa engaqondile enezitebhisi ezisemaceleni kuhlangothi olulodwa noma zombili zibekwa lapho kungenakwenzeka ukubeka izitebhisi eziqondile eziqondile, ngakho-ke udinga ukushintsha kancane ukuqondisa kwayo. Lokhu kuvamile emakamelweni amancane okuhlala. Izitebhisi eziqondile ezinendawo yokuhlala noma yokwakha enezitebhisi zokugijima kanye nokwehla kufakwa ezindlini ezinophahla oluphakeme. Izitebhisi eziqondile zokundiza ezimbili noma ezintathu, ezinezindiza ezifanayo kanye nepulatifomu (noma ezimbili) phakathi kwazo, nazo zifakiwe ezindlini ezinophahla oluphakeme lokusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwendawo yegumbi. Isakhiwo esimise okwama-L sihlala sigxunyekwe odongeni ukuze kongiwe isikhala esikhulu.
Kuvunguza izitezi ezivuthayo, ezigoqiwe, ezigudlukayo nezinye ezinezinyathelo zokuzulazula ze-ergonomics enengqondo nokunikeza igumbi uqobo.
Izintaba
Kunezinhlobo eziningana eziyisisekelo zokulungiswa kwesitebhisi. I-Kosoura iyindlela yokubopha. Ngayo, ukusika kwenziwa emishayweni ngendlela yekama lokunyathela nokukhuphuka. Kuzo kusuka ohlangothini ungabona ukuphela kwesinyathelo, uma kungamboziwe ngamapaneli. I-bowstring yindlela yokubopha, lapho kwenziwa khona imijikelezo emishayweni yokusekela yezinyathelo ezivela ngaphakathi. Kulokhu, ukuphela kobuso bezinyathelo kuvaliwe ngokungaboni. Amabhawodi yizintaba ezikhethekile zesitebhisi esingenalutho. Eqinisweni, amabhawodi yimishudo emikhulu yensimbi odongeni ebambe izitebhisi. Amabhawodi abukeka angathembeki, kepha ayakwazi ukuxhasa amathani ayi-1.5! Ezakhiweni zezitebhisi ezijikelezayo, kusetshenziswa okuthunyelwe okuqinile njengokwesekwa, okwenziwe ngamapayipi wensimbi ajiyile anobubanzi obungu-5 cm. Afakwa ngokuqonde mpo ngaphandle kwemithambeka.
Izinto
Ukwakhiwa kwengilazi kufanelana kahle nezitayela ze-avant-garde, futhi izitebhisi zensimbi zingalungela ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Izakhiwo zensimbi zihlala ziqinile, zithembekile futhi azibizi kakhulu. Izinkuni zingasetshenziswa cishe kunoma iyiphi iphrojekthi yokwakha. Inika ithuba noma yiliphi igumbi, ilinike umuzwa wenduduzo. Namuhla, izitebhisi ze-oki eziqinile, i-beech, i-ash noma i-larch ziyathandwa kakhulu kubanikazi bezindlu ezizimele. Izitebhisi zikakhonkolo azithandwa kangako ngenxa yezimfanelo zazo zokulwa nomlilo kanye nokukwazi kwazo ukumelana nemithwalo esindayo. Kepha zilungele kuphela izindlu ezinezindonga eziqinile (ezingenziwanga ngokhuni!) ukhonkolo unesisindo esikhulu. Imvamisa lezi zitebhisi zifakwa amathayili ngamathayili e-ceramic. Izitebhisi ezenziwe ngamatshe zinokubukeka okuqinile. Izitebhisi zamatshe zemvelo zibukeka zikanokusho, kepha ziyabiza, futhi izakhiwo zamatshe zokufakelwa zingaphela kancane kancane ngaphansi kwethonya lelanga. Zonke izinto ezingenhla zingahlanganiswa ngempumelelo zodwa.
Izinhlobo zezitebhisi
Ukukhethwa kohlobo lwezitebhisi kungenxa yesitayela esijwayelekile sehholo kanye nezinto ezithandwa ngabaninikhaya. Zonke izitebhisi zingahlukaniswa zibe yimashi eqondile, egobile, isikulufu nezinsimbi. Izitebhisi zezindiza eziqondile umklamo olula ojwayelekile ngezinyathelo, izitimela nezindawo zokungena ngaphakathi. Izitebhisi ezigobile zingaba nomzila owodwa noma ngaphezulu wokujika. Izakhiwo zesikulufa zingumoya osontekile owenziwe ngezinyathelo, izinsimbi kanye nezibopho zensimbi - okuthunyelwe. Uma kufakwa isitebhisi esivunguza, khona-ke izitebhisi zokumasha eziqondile kumele nazo zifakwe, ngoba amadizayini womoya awafanele ukuphatha izinto ezisindayo (isb. ifenisha). Izitebhisi ezikumabhawodi ziyimiklamo yesimanjemanje lapho izitebhisi nezinsimbi zinamathiselwa khona ngqo odongeni kusetshenziswa amabhawodi ensimbi.
Idizayini nezitayela
Idizayini ngayinye inendlela yayo yokuhlobisa izakhiwo zezitebhisi. Isitayela saseGibhithe sikhombisa ukuba khona komhlobiso wokuqala obabazekayo, isitayela samaGrikhi sihlaba umxhwele nge-handrail ligature yesitayela, futhi isiteleka saseRomanesque singena kahle. Izitebhisi zezitayela zamaRoma nezasendulo zingama-laconic, kanti kumaGothic ziyinhlanganisela engavamile yemibala egqamile nobumnyama. Izitebhisi zaseNdiya zinemibala, kanti amaJapane (njengezitebhisi ezincane) alula futhi ayasebenza. Imiklamo ku-Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Art Deco noma izitayela ze-Empire ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zikanokusho zasebukhosini.
Izitebhisi ze-Art Nouveau zibonakala ngokuhlanganiswa kwamasu nokuqina. Umculo wezwe ujabulisa ngokulula nangenduduzo. I-Provence iphakamisa ama-shades akhanyayo nama-motifs ezimbali. Izitebhisi zezitebhisi ngesitayela se-constructivism zihlukaniswa yi-geometry elula nokuba khona kwe-turntable. I-high-tech ibonakala ngokusebenza kwazo zonke izinto. Futhi izitebhisi zesitayela kitsch ziqukethe izingxenye ezingafanelekile nezinto zokwakha.
Ukukhanyisa
Zonke izibani zezitebhisi kumele ziphephe kakhulu ukusebenzisa ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukukhanyisa kungaba uphahla, udonga, okwendawo nokuhlobisa. Ngokukhanyisa ophahleni, ama-chandelier anokulengiswa ngaphandle kwezitebhisi. Le ndlela ilungele izinto zangaphakathi zakudala. Futhi, izitebhisi zingakhanyiswa ngamasango odonga. Le yindlela elula yokukhanyisa. Ukukhanyisa kwasendaweni kubonakala ngokukhanyisa izingxenye zezitebhisi ezingazodwana (ngokwesibonelo, ukumasha noma ukufika kokwehla). Ngalezi zinhloso, ungathatha amalambu e-halogen noma e-diode afakwe ohlelweni lwe-Smart Home. Okusho ukuthi, ziyakhanya lapho umuntu esesitebhisini. Ukukhanya okuhlobisa kuyadingeka ukunikeza umoya othize ekhaya. Kungaphezu kokukhanyisa okuyinhloko futhi kuvulwa njalo phakathi kwanoma imuphi umgubho.
Isiphetho
Igumbi lokuhlala elinesitebhisi kufanele lihlotshiswe ngesitayela futhi lihle. Akunasidingo sokungayinaki imithetho ejwayelekile yokwakhiwa kwephrojekthi yokwakha. Kuyadingeka ukuhlanganisa ngokukhaliphile imibala nezinto zokwakha. Izitebhisi akufanele zivelele kwisitayela sonke. Ungagxila kukho, kepha ngaphakathi kohlaka lomklamo okhona. Udinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela indawo yezitebhisi endlini, ngoba ngokuzayo kuzoba nzima ukuyihlela kabusha kwenye indawo. Ngokuqondene nempahla yezitebhisi, ukukhetha kwayo kuya ngamakhono wezezimali womninikhaya kanye nesitayela sangaphakathi segumbi. Ezinye izinto kungenzeka zingahlangani kuphrojekthi yokwakhiwa osekuvunyelwene ngayo. Uma kunezitebhisi ezingeyona eyinhloko egumbini lokuphumula ziye esitezi sesibili, khona-ke ungazama ukwakheka kwayo, ngokwesibonelo, yenze ivuleke noma ingenacala.
