Indlu enegaraji iphupho lezakhamizi zasedolobheni ezifuna ukuthula nomoya ohlanzekile ngaphandle kwewindi. Izinto zanamuhla kanye nobuchwepheshe kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwenza iphupho lifezeke, ngokushesha, futhi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ikhwalithi.
Izinzuzo nezinkinga zekhaya elinegaraji
Isakhiwo esihlanganisiwe sinikeza izinzuzo ezingenakuphikwa ngokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esihlukile, lapho kuzopaka khona ihhashi lensimbi. Esigabeni sokuqala, ngaphambi kokuqala ukwakhiwa kwendlu, kubalulekile ukuthi uzijwayeze ngobuhle nobubi balolu hlobo ukuze uhlolisise isakhiwo esisha.
Izinzuzo zokwakhiwa okuyinkimbinkimbi:
- Iyalondoloza. Kuzodingeka izinto ezincane, isakhiwo esihlanganisiwe sizokusindisa ekubekeni ukuxhumana okwengeziwe esakhiweni esihlukanisiwe. Ukulondolozwa kwendawo esetshenziswayo yomhlaba.
- Kalula. Ukungena egumbini lemoto kulula kakhulu kunokuwela emgwaqweni komndeni wonke. Akunasidingo sokuhlanza indawo enkulu kusuka eqhweni ebusika.
- I-Ergonomics. Igumbi elifudumele lenza kube nokwenzeka ukugcina imoto entofontofo futhi longa uphethiloli ukufudumeza injini. Inhlangano yesela kanye negumbi lokusetshenziswa lamathuluzi engadi nemishini egumbini.
- Ibhulokhi eyodwa yokusetshenziswa. Ibhokisi likwazi ukufaka yonke imishini yokushisa nokuhambisa amanzi, uhlelo lokungenisa umoya, nokufaka umshini wokuwasha.
Okubi ngokwakhiwa okuyinkimbinkimbi:
- Okucashile kusakhiwo. Ukususwa okukhulu kwamakamelo okuhlala odongeni oluseduze negalaji kanye nedivayisi eyengeziwe yokushisa nokuzwakala.
- Iphrojekthi efanelekile. Uhlelo lokungenisa umoya luyadingeka, oluzimele esakhiweni sokuhlala, ukugwema ukusabalala kwamagesi nephunga.
- Ukuphepha komlilo. Imoto isengozini enkulu yomlilo, futhi umlilo uzofika ngokushesha emakamelweni okuhlala. Kungakuhle ukufaka isicishamlilo kanye nesixwayiso uma kunentuthu.
Izici kanye nama-nuances wedizayini
Lapho kwenziwa iphrojekthi, kubhekwa inani lezitezi zesakhiwo sokuhlala, noma ngabe kuzoba yindlu enkulu noma yindlu encane, nokuthi kuzoba luhlobo luni lwebhokisi lemoto, ngaphansi komhlaba noma ngaphansi komhlaba. Idizayini ibheka: inani labahlali, ukwakha amakamelo adingekayo nezindlu zangasese zokuhlala okunethezekile. Indawo edingekayo yebhokisi, emindenini eminingi, izimoto ezimbili zisetshenziswa njalo.
Izici eziyinhloko okufanele uzicabangele lapho udizayina:
- Indawo. Isayithi ngayinye inezici zayo endaweni: ithafa noma ithambeka, ukwakheka kwenhlabathi nezinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
- Ukuma nosayizi wesakhiwo. Ngokuya ngale mingcele, indawo yokwakha iyakhiwa, kucatshangelwa indawo yemigwaqo yokungena engenzeka nokuphuma okuphephile kwemoto kungaphansi. Ezindaweni eziwumngcingo, indawo yendlu maqondana namaphoyinti amakardinali kanye nomakhelwane onamakhotishi athile kuyabhekwa.
- Ukuklanywa. Kunakwa izindawo ezisendaweni ezosetshenziselwa ukutshala, ukuhlelwa kwendawo yokuzilibazisa, inkundla yokudlala nokugeza.
- Izici zomklamo. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokuhlala kumele kuhambisane namazinga okuphepha, kuya ngokuthi indlu izoba yini: isitezi esisodwa, izitezi ezimbili, nge-attic. Uhlobo lwesisekelo, impahla yezakhiwo ezisekelayo nophahla, izinhlobo zokufakwa komhlaba zingancika kulokhu.
- Amaphrojekthi ayinkimbinkimbi. Kusho ukuphambuka kumakhodi wokwakha ajwayelekile. Lokhu ukuma kwendlu nophahla, ubukhona bamathala, amaqembu okungena angajwayelekile nezakhiwo ezingezona ezemvelo ngokwesicelo sekhasimende.
Idivayisi yesisekelo
Uhlobo lwesisekelo luxhomeke ohlotsheni lwebhokisi legaraji elinikezwe iphrojekthi. Onjiniyela bokudizayina kumele bafunde inhlabathi engaphansi kwesiza sokwakhiwa okuhlongozwayo, izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba futhi babale inketho engcono kakhulu yesisekelo. Uma izici zenhlabathi zivumela, khona-ke ungagxila engaphansi futhi wenze ibhokisi lemoto ngaphansi komhlaba, ugcine isikhala engxenyeni engenhla, ezokwandisa kakhulu indawo yendlu. Uma umhlabathi ungavumeli, kukhawulwa ku-plinth encane, futhi ibhokisi lizoba ngaphezu komhlaba noma lingcwatshwe kancane.
Izinhlobo zezisekelo:
- Ipuleti. Ikuvumela ukuthi wakhe isisekelo esisodwa sayo yonke inkimbinkimbi yentuthuko. Ubuchwepheshe bokugcwalisa busetshenziswa ngokwahluka kokuphakama; ungalijikisa kancane ibhokisi ebhokisini elingaphansi. Isisekelo sithululelwa kufomu elilodwa elinokuphakama okuhlukile nokuqiniswa okushumekiwe.
- Tape. Amafomu athululelwa ngokuqiniswa, kwakheka izisekelo zesisekelo, lapho wonke umthwalo wesisindo se-cottage uzowela khona. Lolu hlobo longa kakhulu, ludinga ukhonkolo omncane, futhi ukuphakama kwesisekelo kukhawulwa kuphela uhlobo lomhlabathi efakwe kulo.
- Inqwaba. Isetshenziswa emhlabathini ongazinzile nasezindaweni ezinokuzamazama komhlaba. Lolu hlobo lwesisekelo lunemikhawulo ekusebenzeni kwemithwalo yesisindo esisekelweni, ngakho-ke, kusetshenziswa izinto ezingasindi ekwakheni izindonga.
Kubalulekile, lapho kwakhiwa isisekelo, ukuze kugwenywe ukuvuvukala nokuncipha okukhulu kwesakhiwo, umcamelo wesihlabathi kanye nohlalu kuyadingeka.
Uhlelo lokungenisa umoya
Ukuze ugweme umswakama ophezulu endlini, ukusabalala kokushisa nephunga kulo lonke ibhilidi, ukufakwa kohlelo lokungenisa umoya kuyimpoqo, kuthuthukiswa ngasikhathi sinye nazo zonke izinhlelo zobunjiniyela. Ngokukhethekile kukhokhelwa amakamelo anomswakama ophakeme: indlu yokugezela, indlu yangasese kanye nekhishi, enikezela ngemibhobho eyengeziwe yokukhipha. Uhlelo oluzimele luhlelwe egumbini elingaphansi nasekamelweni lezimoto, elizokhipha indlu yamagesi okukhipha iphunga nephunga elibi. Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa ukwakhiwa kwezindlu ezizimele ezisezingeni eliphansi, kufakwa umoya ophoqelela ukungena komoya opholile, ohlinzeka ngokuhlinzekwa komoya egumbini ngalinye ngamapayipi wokukhipha awengeziwe.
Kubalulekile ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa nokufakwa kwazo zonke izinhlelo zobunjiniyela kumele kwenziwe ngongoti abaqeqeshiwe; ukudiliza nokufaka imishini uma kwenzeka kuba nephutha lokuklama inqubo ebizayo.
Izinto zokwakha
Izinto zanamuhla zikuvumela ukuthi wakhe indlu enkulu futhi enhle ngesikhathi esifushane, ngaphandle kokudela induduzo kubahlali nezindleko eziphezulu zezezimali.
Izinto zokwakhiwa kwezindonga:
- Ukhonkolo ovunyelwe. Ibhulokhi engasindi ethwala isisindo esincane esisekelweni. Inezici ezinhle zokonga ukushisa futhi ingaqedwa kalula ngama-facade.
- Igwebu lamagwebu. Inentengo ephansi, kepha ine-conductivity ephakeme yokushisa ngokuqhathaniswa nekhonkrithi yomoya, ngakho-ke, ezifundeni ezibandayo, ukufakwa okwengeziwe kokushisa kwesakhiwo kuyadingeka.
- Izinkuni. Impahla enobungani bemvelo futhi ephephile egcina ukushisa kahle futhi enempilo ende yokusebenza, inqobo nje uma ikhulelwe izithiyo zomlilo kanye nezinqanda magciwane.
- Isitini. Imelana nesisindo esikhulu uma wakha uphahla lokuhlala ophahleni. Isitini asishisi futhi asithinteki yizici ezingezinhle zangaphandle. Akudingi ukuqedwa kwangaphandle kwama-facade.
Izici eziyinhloko zezinto ezisodongeni:
| Igama | Coefficient of conductivity ezishisayo | Amaphesenti wokumunca amanzi | Isisindo kg / m3 | Isidingo sokuqeda |
| Ukhonkolo ovunyelwe | 0,29-0,47 | 30% | 300 | + |
| Igwebu lamagwebu | 0,29-0,58 | 26% | 800 | + |
| Izinkuni | 0,1-0,35 | 30% | 700 | ongakukhetha |
| Isitini | 0,7-0,8 | 13% | 1800 | — |
Ukumbozwa kophahla kuncike ekukhetheni kokuqedwa kwesakhiwo sangaphambili, ubunzima besakhiwo sophahla kanye namandla wekhasimende wezezimali.
Ubukhulu
Abaqambi bokuthuthukiswa kokuhlala ngakunye kwabantu bakhulisa izinketho eziningi zezindlu, ezingaba nendawo esetshenziswayo kusuka ku-100 kuye ku-700 m2.
Kuya ngenani lezitezi ezisendlini, ubukhona begumbi elisophahleni nokusetshenziswa: igumbi elingaphansi, indlu yokugezela, ichibi kanye negumbi lokubilisa. Uhlobo lokwakha: indlu enemindeni emibili eneminyango ehlukene, kepha inegaraji elilodwa, noma umndeni owodwa omkhulu odinga amakamelo amaningi okulala ukuze kulimaze amakamelo okusiza. Kucatshangelwa nesifiso sekhasimende sezinto zokwakha ezingeziwe: iwindi le-bay, ithala, ingadi yasebusika kanye neveranda.
Ubukhulu bebhokisi lemoto bubalwa ngokuqinile ngakunye, ngokuya ngenani lezindawo zokupaka zemoto eyodwa noma ezimbili. Uma umndeni udinga yonke indawo yokupaka izimoto eziningana, isitezi sokuqala sikulungele ngokuphelele ukupaka, futhi nomnyango wendlu uhlelwe ngawo ngokufaka isitebhisi esengeziwe esitezi sesibili.
Amaphrojekthi wezindlu ezinegaraji
Ukuze ucabangele izinketho, ungasebenzisa amaphrojekthi ajwayelekile, ubuchwepheshe bokuqalisa obenziwe izinhlangano zokwakha, noma uku-oda iphrojekthi yentuthuko yomuntu ngamunye.
Ikotishi
Okucacile kwalolu hlobo lokwakha ukuthi wonke amakamelo okuhlala nezinsiza kusebenza asezingeni elifanayo. Into esemqoka ngalolu hlobo lokwakha ukwakheka okufanele kwezindawo zokuhlala, ngaphandle kwamathuba okuba khona kwamakamelo okulala, igumbi lokuhlala kanye nekhishi elinendawo yemoto. Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwala magumbi, kuhlelwa ukufakwa kwemisindo esezingeni eliphakeme noma indawo ye-buffer ihlelwe kusuka emakamelweni ngenhloso yobuchwepheshe. Isitezi sesibili sakhiwa njengophahla lwendlu, kanti nomnyango onompheme nompheme wenziwa kabili ebhokisini legaraji.
Indlu enezitezi ezimbili
Izinketho ezifunwa kakhulu zentuthuko yokuhlala kwangasese. Indlela ekahle yokwakha indlu esizeni esincane, esikuvumela ukuthi usabalalise ngokunengqondo indawo esetshenziswayo yendlu nomhlaba oseduze. Kulokhu kuthuthukiswa, amakamelo amakhulu okuhlala atholakala esitezi sesibili, futhi indawo enegumbi lezimoto ihlala ekhishini negumbi lokuhlala, ngokuya ngezifiso zekhasimende, esitezi sokuqala kukhona: ingadi yasebusika, indawo yokugezela enedamu lokubhukuda namakamelo ezobuchwepheshe.
Igalaji elingaphansi
Inketho egcina indawo yokuhlala esetshenziswayo ngokujulisa ibhlokhi yemoto. Lapho kuklanywa isakhiwo sokuhlala esinezitezi ezimbili, indawo esetshenziswayo icishe iphindwe kabili uma iqhathaniswa nolunye uhlobo lwesakhiwo. Le phrojekthi idinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu esigabeni sokwakha isisekelo nokuhlela indawo ebushelelezi yokuvimba imoto. Kuyadingeka futhi ukuthi ucabangele imithetho yobuchwepheshe yobukhulu obulungile bemoto eyodwa: ububanzi obuyi-3 m, ubude obuyi-5 m nokuphakama okungu-2 m.
Into esemqoka ukuthi lapho kumiswa ibhokisi lemoto egumbini elingaphansi, ukuvimbela amanzi kanye nohlelo lokuhambisa amanzi kuyadingeka ukuguqula umhlaba futhi kuncibilikise amanzi esisekelweni, lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ngochwepheshe.
Ngaphezulu kwegaraji elingaphansi kwendlu
Inikezela ngesakhiwo esinezitezi ezimbili, esitezi esiphansi lapho kunezindawo zokupaka izimoto eziningana, indawo yokulungisa ukunakekelwa kwazo kanye nendawo yezobuchwepheshe. Amakamelo okulala, ikhishi, igumbi lokuphumula, igumbi lokugezela kuhlelwe esitezi sesibili. Kunengqondo ukusebenzisa lolu hlobo lwesakhiwo uma indlu yakhelwe umndeni omkhulu onabashayeli abaningi. Kepha ukwakhiwa okunjalo kuzothatha indawo enkulu yesiza somhlaba, uma isakhiwo sincane, inketho engcono kakhulu kungaba ukuthola igalaji elingaphansi.
Isitayela sasekhaya negalaji
Isitayela sokwakhiwa kwe-facade sikhethwa ngaphambi kokuqala kokwakhiwa, ukuma kwesakhiwo, uphahla nokubukeka kwe-facade kuncike ekutheni kukhethwa kuphi.
Izitayela ze-facade ezidumile:
- IsiNgisi. Iqonde futhi ngisho nezinhlaka zendlu ezinezakhiwo ezilinganayo. Ama-facade enziwe ngamatshe anama-turrets, amawindi e-bay namakholomu. Ikotishi lesitayela lesiNgisi livusa umoya wesithabathaba esidala. Ngalesi sitayela, ibhokisi legaraji lihlelelwe egumbini elingaphansi, kepha uma lakhiwe ezingeni lesitezi sokuqala, ngakolunye uhlangothi kufanele kube nesakhiwo esilinganayo esingahlonyiselwa igumbi lokubilisa.
- Isimanje. Ubushelelezi bolayini bokwakha buhlanganiswe nokuklanywa kwe-embossed kwemihlobiso yemvelo eceleni kwe-facade. Isitayela sisho ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezintsha ezinetshe lemvelo nengilazi enemibala eminingi. Uphahla luyindilinga ngokuhluka okuncane ngobude. Ibhokisi legaraji lisuswa kancane esakhiweni sokuhlala, into esemqoka ukuthi i-facade nophahla kwenziwa ngezinto ezifanayo.
- Isimanje. Isitayela sivumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhombisi-ndlela eziningana: i-avant-garde, isitayela se-eco nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ngokusetshenziswa kwezinto zakamuva nobuchwepheshe ekuhlobiseni. Ekubonakalisweni kwalesi sitayela, i-facade ingenziwa ngezitini noma ngokhuni, ngophahla lwensimbi, oluhlotshiswe ngemibhoshongo. Isitayela sesimanje singahlanganisa zonke izifiso zekhasimende zokuhlobisa nokuklama.
Ukuhlobisa kwangaphakathi nemishini yegaraji
Umhlobiso wangaphakathi wegumbi legalaji kufanele uhambisane nesitayela jikelele nombala wesakhiwo. Kungcono ukukhetha imibala ekhanyayo yezindonga nophahla, zibukeka zikhulisa igumbi elincane futhi zithuthukise ukukhanya.
Izidingo eziyisisekelo zokuqedela izinto: ezingashi, ezingamelana nokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali nengcindezi yemishini, ekuzithobeni ngokuzithoba. Izindonga nophahla kuyafulelwa, kupendwe, kugqitshwe ngebhodi lokunamathisela ngokhuni noma ngezinsimbi. Ukunakwa okukhethekile kukhokhelwa isembozo saphansi: kungaba iscreed sikasimende, iphansi lokuzilinganisa noma amathayili wamatshe we-porcelain.
Amashalofu afakwa ezindongeni zokugcina amathuluzi adingekayo; kungakuhle ukuthi unikeze igumbi lezinto ezengeziwe zokulungisa nokunakekela imoto. Ngokuhlelwa okufanele, igumbi lokubilisa kanye nemishini yokulawula ukufakwa komoya, izinhlelo zokungenisa umoya namanzi zifakiwe egalaji.
Ukuhlelwa kokungena nokukhethwa kwamasango
Isango lebhokisi legaraji kufanele libe sezingeni futhi liphephe, okungcono ngokujika. Uma igalaji lihlelelwe egumbini elingaphansi, imigwaqo yokuhamba ngemigwaqo ilinganiselwa emthambekeni omkhulu bese ithelwa ngosimende ngokufaka itshe elihle elichotshoziwe ukuvimbela imoto ukuthi ishelele phakathi nemvula neqhwa.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ukungena kwegalaji uhlobo lwesango, okufanele lukhululeke futhi luhambisane nesitayela esijwayelekile sesakhiwo.
Izinhlobo zeminyango yegaraji:
- Jika. Umklamo olula kakhulu wenziwe ngensimbi. Amasango ahlonyiswe ngomnyango kwelinye lamaqabunga. Kodwa ukuklanywa kuphazamisa ukusebenza lapho ibhokisi legaraji likhona egumbini elingaphansi.
- Buyisa. Umshini ulula futhi ulula. Iqabunga lomnyango liya ohlangothini, ngasodongeni, kepha lidinga isikhala esanele sokusebenza okujwayelekile.
- Ukuphakamisa. Inketho enhle kakhulu, engadingi isikhala esingeziwe, indwangu inyukela ophahleni. Lapho ufaka izindlela zokuphakamisa, udinga ukucabanga ngendawo yamadivayisi wokukhanyisa.
- Eyengxenye. Umshini wasentwasahlobo onemihlahlandlela uhlukanisa useyili ngezigaba bese uwuphakamisela ophahleni lapho ugoqiwe.
- Ama-roller shutter. Impahla engasindi kanye nendlela elula isontela indwangu ngaphansi kophahla ibe yisondo. Kepha ukwakheka okunjalo akunakwenzeka ukumelana nokugqekezwa.
Ukukhethwa okukhulu kwezinqubo kuzokuvumela ukuthi ukhethe inketho elula kakhulu futhi efanelekayo yeminyango yegaraji.
Izinzuzo zokwakhiwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwesakhiwo sokuhlala esinendawo yemoto zikhulu kakhulu kunokubi kwalokhu kuthuthukiswa. Iphrojekthi efanelekayo izohlanganisa zonke izakhiwo endaweni encane, futhi isakhiwo esihle sizohlela indawo yokuhlala yokuhlala ngokunethezeka.
