Izibonelo zokuqala zemidwebo yasodongeni yimidwebo yamatshe evela esikhathini seNeolithic. Ngisho ehola impilo yakudala, indoda ayizange ilwele nje kuphela ukuthwebula lokho ekubonayo nxazonke, kodwa nokwenza lezi zithombe zibe umhlobiso wekhaya. Kwakunemibala emine kuphela ngesisekelo sephethini ngayinye, izingulube zayo ezazingatholakala ngokucubungula okulula kwezinto zemvelo. Ngokuyinhloko babonisa ukuzingela, ngoba le nqubo yathatha isabelo sengonyama ngesikhathi sendoda endala futhi yaba injongo yokuphila kwayo. Kukhona nezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zokukhishwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi: imibhalo yezandla etholakala ngokungahleliwe emagumbini nasezindongeni, okwakha ukwakheka okukodwa kobuciko. Umuntu wathuthuka, futhi nekhono lokudweba lakhula. IGibhithe lasendulo laba "yimbeleko" yangempela yalolu hlobo lobuciko. Ama-fresco abulawa ngendlela ye-laconic, enxeshezelwa yisikhumbuzo sezakhiwo abazihlobisile. AbaseGibhithe babengabantu abakhuthele nabasebenza kahle. Izimfihlo zokwakhiwa komdwebo nezisekelo zale sayensi zagcinwa ngokucophelela futhi zadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Umuntu ophakathi wemidwebo yasodongeni wayengumuntu noma unkulunkulu owayezifihlile. Lezi zokugcina zahlukaniswa nabantu abafayo ngamakhanda ezilwane nangezinto ezisize ukufeza umsebenzi wazo (uphaphe lweMaat, induku ka-Anubis enesikhumba senja).
Isisusa esikhulu sokudweba izindonga kwakuwubudlelwano phakathi konkulunkulu nabantu, kanye nezigcawu zempi. Uhlangothi lwansuku zonke lwempilo lwalungalingani nendlela esezingeni eliphakeme yokudweba kwabaseGibhithe lasendulo. Uma aboniswa, kwakungezinjongo zesiko kuphela. ERoma naseGrisi lasendulo, imidwebo ejwayelekile eyejwayelekile yaqala ukwenziwa. Onkulunkulu babenokubukeka komuntu ngokuphelele, futhi impilo yansuku zonke yaqala ukukhulunywa kaningi kakhulu. Ama-bas-reliefs avele ahlanganisa ukudweba nokubaza. Ukudweba odongeni ngaphakathi kwaqala ukuvela kaningi emakhaya ezakhamizi ezicebile. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwaqala ukusetshenziswa izimpawu, ezazikhomba izibonelo zamakhefi wesimanje nezinye izindawo zomphakathi. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, imidwebo yesonto yaqala ukuthuthuka. Umhlobiso wangaphakathi wamathempeli namasonto ababhishobhi uhlabeke umxhwele ngezinga lawo nemininingwane. Kulezi zinsuku, izindonga ezipendiwe zokuhlobisa azivame ukuhlobisa ingaphakathi lamakamelo ezindlini ezijwayelekile. Lo mkhuba wakhiwa ngemuva kokuvela kokuphrinta kwesithombe, okwakwenza ukuthi kukhiqizwe amaphephadonga nganoma yiziphi izithombe. Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ngephutha ukuthi uchwepheshe kuphela ongabhekana nesisombululo sangaphakathi esikhethekile, futhi lokhu nakanjani kuzohlanganiswa nezindleko ezingeziwe. Eqinisweni, nomqambi we-novice angakwazi ukuzimela ngokuzimela izisekelo zaleli fomu lobuciko. Njengesinqumo sokugcina, kunezifanekiso ezenza umsebenzi ube lula kakhulu. Ake sizame ukuqonda ubunzima benqubo bese ukhetha inqubo efanelekile yabaqalayo.
Ubuchwepheshe kanye nezici zokudweba odongeni ngaphakathi
Ngosizo lobuchwepheshe besimanje, abantu bafunde ukulingisa izinto eziningi ezibizayo futhi bathatha indawo yomsebenzi wezandla odla isikhathi ngenqubo esheshayo eyenziwe yimishini. Ukuhlobisa kutholakala, njengomthetho, okujwayelekile, kugxivizwe. Ukuze bangatholi umklamo ofanayo endlini kamakhelwane, abaningi bahlobisa izindonga zendlu ngezandla zabo. Vele, le nqubo izothatha isikhathi futhi izodinga izindleko ezithile zezezimali nezabasebenzi, kepha ingaphakathi lizovela lihluke, elezombhali. Lokho wukuthi, phakathi kwamakhulu amakamelo anokuhlobisa okujwayelekile, ikhaya lakho lizoba isiqhingi esingavamile. Umdwebo wobuciko usetshenziswa kunoma yiliphi igumbi, kuyinto yonke. Njengoba kungekho mkhawulo emcabangweni womuntu, le ndlela ivula namathuba angapheli omdali. Umdwebo, owenziwe ngekhwalithi ephezulu, ubukeka ungokwemvelo futhi unamandla. Ngosizo lwayo, "ungaphinda" i-geometry engafanele yegumbi. Ngokukhetha okulungile kwemibala, ukudweba kungasandisa isikhala ngokubukeka. Usayizi nemikhawulo yesitayela isethwe nguwe kuphela. Ngokwemvelo, le nto izoba maphakathi nesithombe sokuhlobisa, ngakho-ke akukho zangaphakathi ezizobekezelela umsebenzi wokugenca. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukugcina isilinganiso ngisho nokuhlobisa okuhle kangaka. Inketho enhle kakhulu ibhekwa njengokuklanywa kodonga olulodwa kuphela lwe-accent egumbini. Ubuso bayo kumele bulungiswe kahle ngaphambi kokusebenza.
Ilungiselela udonga lokupenda kwangaphakathi
Isigaba sokulungiselela sobuso sihlukaniswe ngezinyathelo eziningana:
- Ukususa ungqimba lwengubo endala;
- Ukumboza izikhala nokulungiswa kokukhubazeka. Ukwehlisa nokwenza uplasta;
- Qala ngemuva kokumisa ubuso. Lolu ungqimba luzohlinzeka ngokunamathela okuhle phakathi kopende nodonga;
- Ukulinganisa kokugcina nge-putty kanye noqweqwe olwengeziwe lwe-primer.
Ngemuva kokuthi udonga selomile, luzobe selulungele ukuhlelwa.
Ukuqinisa ungqimba lwe-plaster, kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-mesh yokuqinisa.
Amapende wokudweba izindonga ngaphakathi
Ukuze odongeni Umdwebo, izinhlobo eziningana upende asetshenziswa, ngamunye wabo has a ukwakheka ekhethekile enquma izici ketshezi. Sezadlula izinsuku lapho abaculi bekhetha ngokuzimela futhi baxuba izingulube, futhi izindlela zokupheka bezivikelwe ngokucophelela ekungeneleleni kwabantu esincintisana nabo abavela emhlabeni wobuciko. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo ezilandelayo zokupenda zisetshenziselwa ukudweba:
- Uwoyela, lapho isibopho kufakwa khona amafutha kawoyela, uwoyela. Kancane kancane fiphela kokwedlule, ngoba ukusebenza nabo kuzodinga amakhono athile. Ubuchwepheshe bokuzixuba nabo abunakuvunyelwa kuwo wonke umuntu. Ebusweni, uwoyela "uzophila" ngaphansi kozakwabo banamuhla. Isizathu salokhu kungosawoti we-lime ne-alkaline, aqukethwe kokuqukethwe kwezindonga. Baphula uwoyela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amapende awawathandi amakamelo amnyama futhi ngokushesha aphenduka aphuzi ngaphandle kokukhanya, kodwa ahlala kahle ezindaweni zokhuni. Inzuzo enkulu kawoyela isikhathi sayo sokomisa isikhathi eside. Njengoba le nqubo ithatha izinsuku ezimbalwa, umculi angenza ushintsho emdwebeni uma kunesidingo.
- I-Tempera (isibopho - ama-emulsions). Amapende amile ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi izingqimba eziningana zikuvumela ukuthi udale umphumela wokwakhiwa kwe-volumetric. I-Tempera inconyelwa ukuthi ivanishwe ngaphezulu ukuthola ama-shades ajulile. Okokugcina, ngasendleleni, kukhanya kancane ngemuva kokumiswa.
- I-Acrylic (isibopho - izinhlaka ze-acrylic). Izinto zanamuhla ezithandwayo. Amapende amile ngokushesha, aqukethe izinto ezinobuthi ekwakhiweni bese enza ifilimu eqinile ebusweni. Kubukeka njenge- "crust" yokuvikela epulasitiki. I-Acrylic ayikwesabi ukukhanya noma ukungabikho kwayo. Uma upende usezingeni eliphakeme, umdwebo uzophila okungenani iminyaka eyi-10-15. Ngaphezu kokwakheka okuvamile, kusetshenziswa izithasiselo ze-fluorescent. Futhi bakhiqiza i-pearlescent noma i-metallized acrylic.
Ngaphambi kokuthenga opende ababizayo, lalela izeluleko zochwepheshe ngokuzikhethela kwabo. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, kunconywa ukuthi uqale nge-acrylic, bese uzijwayeza i-gouache, efana ngokude nayo emsebenzini.
Ungakhohlwa ukuthola isethi yamabhulashi. Zizodingeka ukudala noma imiphi imidwebo, ngaphandle kwalezo ezingabonakali. Kunconywa ukuthi ukhokhele imali ethe xaxa ngamabhulashi amahhashi noma e-squirrel njengoba ethambile futhi engashiyi imikhondo yezinwele ezivulekile ebusweni. Isethi kufanele iqukathe amathuluzi wokuqina okuhlukile ukudala izinto ngazinye zokwakheka.
Amasu asetshenziselwe ukwakha udonga
Umdwebo ungadalwa ngamasu ahlukahlukene, okubandakanya kuwo aziwa kakhulu futhi asebenzayo:
- IFresco ne-alsecco isondele kuyo;
- Umdwebo we-Volumetric (ofana ne-bas-relief) ne-sgraffito;
- Ukuxubha umoya;
- Imidwebo ene-acrylic ye-fluorescent;
- I-Grisaille. Izodinga ikhono eliphakeme, njengoba yenziwa ngombala owodwa wokugcwaliswa okuhlukile. Le ndlela ifana nemidwebo.
Indlela yokusebenzisa ama-stencils kufanele iphawulwe ngokwehlukana. Inketho ilungele abaqalayo abangazethembi emakhono abo futhi besaba ukubeka ukuthinta kokuqala odongeni olulungiselelwe.
Ukuxubha umoya
Kule nqubo, i-airbrush can ingasetshenziswa esikhundleni samabhulashi nopende. Ifutha okuqukethwe ngaphezulu, ngisho negama layo lihumusha ngokuthi "ukudweba komoya". Odayi ku-airbrushing basebenzisa uketshezi ne-powder, kepha i-acrylic encibilikiswa ngamanzi ithandwa kakhulu. Ukwakheka kulele kunoma iyiphi indawo, ngisho nakwisithombe sangemuva. Kuzofanele usebenze kumshini wokuphefumula. Bambalwa abazokwazi ukuqonda le nqubo kusuka ku- "zilch" yokuqala. Ngaphambi kokudweba, kuzofanele uzijwayeze ukujwayela indlela engajwayelekile. Ibhulashi lomoya likuvumela ukuthi udwebe imininingwane emincane kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela unikeze imininingwane ephezulu esithombeni. Ngendlela, ngisho nabadwebi basendulo ababeshaya udayi kumashubhu akhethekile babenendlela efanayo.
I-Fresco
Inqubo ye-fresco isetshenziselwe ukuhlobisa ingaphakathi kusukela ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Ingqikithi yendlela iqukethe ukufaka upende kuplasta ongakomiswa okwamanje. Iqukethe i-lime, eyakha ifilimu eqinile ye-calcium ebusweni bephethini. Ububi bale ndlela yisidingo sokusebenza ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngalesi sizathu, akunconywa ukuthi ubhenele kunqubo yabaculi be-novice abavele babe nobuciko bokudweba. Amapende ancibilikiswa ngamanzi asetshenziselwa umsebenzi.
I-Alsecco ifana nefresco. Amapende asetshenziswa endaweni esivele yomile, kodwa esanda kuswakanyiswa.
Ukudweba ngopende we-fluorescent
Imibala ye-fluorescent inesici sokukhanya ebumnyameni. Sebenzisa ukwakheka okusobala noma okunemibala. Izinsuku zokuqala ngokuvamile azibonakali kanye nomdwebo. Umbala ngesikhathi sasemini ubukeka njengopende ojwayelekile okwenziwe ngawo lo mdwebo, futhi ebusuku baguqula izindonga ngokukhanya okumnandi. Kaningi, imidwebo eyenziwe nge-acrylic noma i-tempera ihlotshiswe ngokwakhiwa kwe-fluorescent. Baqokomisa izakhi zokugqamisa. Ukwakheka kwe-fluorescent kuphephe ngokuphelele kubantu, akukhiphi izinto ezinobuthi. Amapende anjalo anconyelwa ukukhombisa izindawo ezilula ngaphandle kwenqwaba yemininingwane emincane.
Umdwebo we-volumetric
Inqubo ye-volumetric ihlanganisa inqubo yokubaza nokudweba. Okokuqala, usimende noma ukhonkolo busetshenziswa endaweni elungisiwe. Izakhi ze-embossed zakhiwa kusuka kokungakomiswa okwamanje. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngemuva kokumiswa, i- "stucco" ipendiwe. Kunenye inqubo ebizwa nge-sgraffito. Indlela yasekuqaleni esuka e-Italy. Izendlalelo eziningana zikakhonkolo onemibala zisetshenziswa ngokulandelana odongeni. Ngemuva kokuthi isomile, baqala ukuklwebha iphethini ngethuluzi elikhethekile elibukhali. Umphumela uba isithombe sokukhulula, njengoba, njengoba umkhuba ukhombisa, sizohlala isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka.
Kusetshenziswa ama-stencils
Ama-stencils awusizo olungcono kakhulu ezimeni lapho umcabango udonsa izingqimba ezinhle, futhi izandla zabo azikwazi ukuziphinda. Futhi, idivayisi isetshenziswa lapho kunesidingo sokuveza izinto eziningi zohlobo olufanayo ukunciphisa isikhathi somsebenzi. Ama-stencils ngokuvamile enziwe ngepulasitiki. Amapuleti ayagezwa ngemuva kokusetshenziswa futhi alungele ukusetshenziswa futhi.
Ipendwe ngopende be-acrylic
I-Acrylic ibhekwa njengezinto ezilula kakhulu zabahlobisi be-novice. Umbala wayo "okunezinhlobonhlobo" ucebile, futhi ukwakheka kwawo kuphephe ngokuphelele kubantu. I-Acrylic ingagezwa, uma kunesidingo, uma udinga ukuthinta imininingwane yomuntu ngamunye yomdwebo. Kancane kancane, ngemuva kokuthi uqale ukugcwalisa isandla sakho, kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise inhlanganisela yamasu wokuthuthukisa amakhono akho.
Ukukhetha iphethini
Umdwebo kufanele uhambisane nesisombululo sesitayela nombala wephalethi wegumbi. Ngokukhethekile kukhokhelwa indawo yayo. Umbono wayo yonke ingaphakathi incike kuluphi udonga oluzokhuluma. I-loft isebenzisa imidwebo ebhemayo kanye ne-graffiti ezindongeni zezitini. Ukudweba kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa inqubo yokuxubha umoya. Isitayela sothando seProvence sithanda ama-motifs ezitshalo. Izimbali zezimbali zasendle, ama-peonies, ama-roses, iminduze kuzoba ukwengeza okungcono kakhulu ngaphakathi kwezwe laseFrance. U-Art Nouveau uvame ukuphinda ubuciko bokupenda obukade buhlobise ama-boudoirs nezindawo zokuzicwala zikanokusho ngendlela yesitayela. I-Art Deco engenakulinganiswa ithanda amaphethini amahle wokuluka namaphethini amahle. Isitayela saseJapan kanye ne-minimalism esiseduze nayo emoyeni kuvumela ukudweba imibhalo yezwe labo lokuzalwa: ama-orchid, ama-pagodas, amagatsha e-sakura. Akukho mingcele ekuqondisweni kobuzwe. Uma ingaphakathi lilingisa i-bungalow ezindaweni ezishisayo, khona-ke izithombe zolwandle nemithi yesundu zizoba wusizo olukhulu, kepha kuma-African motifs kulo mdwebo basebenzisa izihlahla ezinemiqhele, izindlovu, indawo "eyomile". Ngaphezu kwesitayela, inhloso yokusebenza kwekamelo kufanele futhi ibhekwe.
Egumbini lokuphumula
Egumbini lokuphumula, imidwebo ivamise ukulungiswa ngamaphutha. Isibonelo, ekamelweni elincane, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa umdwebo ngombono: izindlela, amasimu noma izindlela eziya ebangeni elingenamkhawulo. Ukudweba kungathatha indawo yokufakwa kwamakholomu noma ama-pilasters, futhi ngasikhathi sinye kuthuthukise ukwakhiwa kwakudala. Indawo yokubasa umlilo iyisikhungo esithokomele sanoma iliphi ihholo. Akunakwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi ukusungula nokulingiswa kwayo, ingasaphathwa eyokuqala. Into edwetshiwe odongeni enamalangabi angokoqobo kuzoba ukwengeza okuhle kwangaphakathi.
Ekamelweni
Igumbi lokulala lisetshenziselwa ukuphumula kuphela, ngakho-ke yonke ifenisha ekuleli gumbi kufanele yakhelwe ukunethezeka nokuphumula. Izisusa zemvelo zivame ukwenzeka kulo mdwebo. Ama-landscape, ama-panorama womhlaba wamanzi, utshani obuluhlaza noma amakhanda ezimbali ezikhanyayo azokusiza wehlise umoya futhi ulungiselele ukulala ngomsindo. Bapenda, njengomthetho, udonga ngenhla kwekhanda lombhede, ngoba ezimweni eziningi kuyindlela yokugcizelela. Egumbini elifanayo, ophahleni bavame ukuhlotshiswa ngendlela efanayo. Akucetyiswa ukuthi usebenzise amathoni amnyama, azokwenza igumbi libukeke libonakala lincane futhi lizocindezela abanikazi ngokwengqondo.
Enkulisa
Emakamelweni ezingane, kunconywa ukusebenzisa upende we-fluorescent wokupenda. Ukumbozwa okunjalo "okukhanyayo" kuzodala inganekwane yangempela egumbini. Izithombe ezinezinhloso zesikhala zilungele umfana. Ama-landscapes amnene enzelwe intombazane: ingaphakathi lezinqaba, izindawo zemilingo. Ukudweba kusetshenziswa futhi lapho kuklanywa isikhala. Ikhona lokufunda nokutadisha lingahlotshiswa ngomdwebo oveza izihlahla "zobuhlakani" ngezincwadi ezisemagatsheni-emashalofini. Yenza ama-accents ngemibala ethambile, ezolile. Umbiza onganambitheki wemibala egqamile ngeke kukusize ulale noma ufunde.
Ekhishini
Ekhishini, indawo yokudlela ivame ukuhlotshiswa ngomdwebo. Babonisa izinto ezinezihloko zaleli gumbi: amapuleti, isinkwa, amaswidi, izinkomishi zekhofi noma itiye, izinongo. Izithombe zokupheka eziqukethe izitsha ezahlukahlukene kanye nezimpilo "ezinamanzi" zisazobukeka ziphilayo lapha. Emakhishini amancane, ukudweba kufanele kuveze isikhala, kudale inkohliso enezinhlangothi ezintathu. Izithombe zamathala aseFrance, imigwaqo ehlanzekile yase-Italy, izindawo ezinhle kakhulu zisetshenziswa kabanzi. Ukunweba impilo yendawo ependiwe, akukhuthazwa ukubeka i-accent eduze kwesitofu noma usinki. Indawo enjalo izokonakalisa ngokushesha indawo yokuhlobisa.
Isiphetho
Ukudweba kungenye yezindlela zasendulo zokuhlobisa. Iphelelisiwe phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Indlela eyinkimbinkimbi yentuthuko yaqala emifanekisweni yasendulo yamadoda ayezingelwa futhi yaholela emifanekisweni emnandi yokuhlobisa amagumbi eSistine Chapel. Izikhumbuzo ezinjalo zobuciko zenziwe eminyakeni edlule.Manje wonke amathuluzi nezingoma ezidingekayo zingathengwa sezenziwe ngomumo, futhi konke okudingekayo kumculi ukubekezela nethalente. Zihlomise ngazo ukuze wakhe ubuciko obungaphakathi obukhethekile ngaphakathi komdwebo wakho, ozoba uphawu lokuzinqoba futhi ube ngumthombo wokuziqhenya ngombhali.
